{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:11:34Z","timestamp":1787008294702,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"17-18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This article explores the diagnostic performance of a panel of six biomarkers (glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP], neurofilament light [NFL], neuron-specific enolase [NSE], S100 calcium-binding protein B [S100B], total tau [t-tau], and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 [UCH-L1]) in the context of the \u201c2023 UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) Head Injury: Assessment and early management (NG232)\u201d guideline. Emphasis is placed on subjects where clinical equipoise remains concerning the decision for head computed tomography (CT), medium-risk subjects. All adult subjects from the Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury (CENTER-TBI) dataset with a complete biomarker profile and interpretable CT scan within 24 h of injury were classified as high, medium, and low-risk according to the NICE NG232 Clinical Decision Rule (CDR) for CT head imaging following head injury. In subjects classified as medium-risk, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was used to assess the diagnostic performance of biomarkers to identify those with (1) CT abnormality or (2) potential neurosurgical lesion, with CT considered the gold standard diagnosis. A time-to-biomarker sub-analysis was performed in subjects with a time from injury to sampling within 6 h, in keeping with current clinical usage of biomarkers. Among 1979 CENTER-TBI participants with sufficient clinical information to facilitate classification, 385 subjects were classified as medium-risk. Biomarker concentrations were significantly higher in those with traumatic CT abnormalities as compared with those without for all biomarkers aside from NSE (all\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05). When sampled within 24 h of injury, GFAP demonstrated the best diagnostic performance for CT abnormality (AUC 0.81 [0.77\u20130.86]), with NFL, t-tau, and UCH-L1 showing moderate performance. At a threshold to provide a 95% sensitivity, GFAP, NFL, t-tau, and UCH-L1 demonstrated specificities ranging from 18% to 33% corresponding to a potential reduction of total CT images performed in these subjects by 14\u201323%. S100B and UCH-L1 showed improved performance when biomarker sampling time was limited to 6 h following injury. In intoxicated subjects with a persistent Glasgow Coma Score of 13\u201314, biomarker levels were significantly higher in subjects with CT abnormality as compared with those without. In conclusion, serum biomarkers demonstrate potential for the reduction in CT scan requirements in those classified as medium-risk in reference to the NG232 CDR criteria. These results highlight a need for further prospective studies on the use of diagnostic TBI biomarkers in current emergency medicine practice, with future consideration given to the integration of biomarkers in the NICE NG232 head injury guidelines.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2024.0276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T04:10:26Z","timestamp":1746591026000},"page":"1509-1523","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Serum Biomarkers as Adjuncts to the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Head Injury Guidelines (NG232, 2023) When Selecting Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury for Computed Tomography: A Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0216-1866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Whitehouse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke\u2019s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Mikoli\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada."},{"name":"Rehabilitation Research Program, GF Strong Rehabilitation Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9578-6944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Endre","family":"Czeiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary."},{"name":"Neurotrauma Research Group, Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3272-484X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke\u2019s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2190-9278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andras","family":"Buki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health, Department of Neurosurgery, \u00d6rebro University, \u00d6rebro, Sweden."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin K.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Center for Neurotrauma, Multiomics &amp; Biomarkers (CNMB) Neuroscience institute, Morehouse School of Medicine (MSM), Atlanta, Georgia, USA."},{"name":"Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics and Biomarker Research, Departments of Emergency Medicine, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewout","family":"Steyerberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Maas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium."},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Department of Translational Neuroscience, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3228-9692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Menon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke\u2019s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Lecky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Urgent and emergency care REsearch (CURE), Health Services Research Section, School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6044-9035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginia","family":"Newcombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke\u2019s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the CENTER-TBI Investigators and Participants","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00309-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","volume-title":"Head Injury: Assessment and Early Management","author":"National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence","year":"2023","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. 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