{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T21:11:54Z","timestamp":1786569114971,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":159,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9-10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745971200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>There has been limited exploration of blood-based biomarkers in the chronic period following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Our objective was to conduct a systematic review of studies examining blood-based protein biomarkers with at least one sample collected 12 months post-TBI in adults (\u226516 years). Database searches were conducted in Embase, MEDLINE, and Science Citation Index\u2013Expanded on July 24, 2023. Risk of bias was assessed using modified Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools. Only 30 of 12,523 articles met inclusion criteria, with samples drawn from 12 months to 48 years. Higher quality evidence (low risk of bias; large samples) identified promising inflammatory biomarkers at 12 months post-injury in both moderate-severe TBI (GFAP) and mild TBI (eotaxin-1, IFN-y, IL-8, IL-9, IL-17A, MCP-1, MIP-1\u03b2, FGF-basic, and TNF-\u03b1). Studies with low risk of bias but smaller samples also suggest NSE, MME, and CRP may be informative, alongside protein variants for \u03b1-syn (10H, D5), amyloid-\u03b2 (A4, C6T), TDP-43 (AD-TDP 1;2;3;9;11), and tau (D11C). Findings for NfL were inconclusive. Longitudinal data were mostly available for acute samples followed until 12 months post-injury, with limited evaluation of changes beyond 12 months. Associations of some blood-based biomarkers with cognitive, sleep, and functional outcomes were reported. The overall strength of the evidence in this review was limited by the risk of bias and small sample sizes. Replication is required within prospective longitudinal studies that move beyond 12 months post-injury. Novel efforts should be guided by promising neurodegenerative-disease markers and use panels to model polypathology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2024.0294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T02:31:36Z","timestamp":1743647496000},"page":"759-797","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Blood-Based Protein Biomarkers in the Chronic Phase of Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1152-0576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amelia J.","family":"Hicks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly","family":"Carrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Bura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rico","family":"Pesce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Belinda","family":"Yew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen","family":"Dams-O\u2019Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30371-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.4126"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","volume-title":"Surveillance Report of Traumatic Brain Injury-Related Hospitalizations and Deaths by Age Group, Sex, and Mechanism of Injury\u2014United States, 2016 and 2017","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2021","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Surveillance Report of Traumatic Brain Injury-Related Hospitalizations and Deaths by Age Group, Sex, and Mechanism of Injury\u2014United States, 2016 and 2017. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30415-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.03.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1682\/jrrd.2009.06.0076"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aem131"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12008"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-014-8752-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.11.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-39383-0_6"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30279-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.01.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2010.1358"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2021.1914674"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.09-11-03876.1989"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0b013e3181e8e6d0"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_19_2","article-title":"Cognitive deficits four decades after moderate to severe, but not mild traumatic brain injury in Vietnam war veterans","author":"Cummins T","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cummins T, , Elias A, , Lamb F, et al. Cognitive deficits four decades after moderate to severe, but not mild traumatic brain injury in Vietnam war veterans. Global Psychiatry, 2021.","journal-title":"Global Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.22.5.618"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/026990501300005659"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1018"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2014.07.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2017.1317361"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.2997"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207501"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00065-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2004.03.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cccn.2003.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/RNN-2003-00231"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-015-1581-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3020-14.2014"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2019.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00351"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00300"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5182"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7448"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.11.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000001776"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2023-331220"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.127"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2023-213111"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.08.073"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2021.05.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.989974"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000478"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.17056"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10547738221107081"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n160"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.01.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000099"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_52_2","volume-title":"Critical Appriasal Tools","author":"The Joanna Briggs Institute","year":"2017","unstructured":"The Joanna Briggs Institute. Critical Appriasal Tools. The Joanna Briggs Institute: Adelaide, South Australia; 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-022-09543-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009985"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009983"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16501960410023859"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6449"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6963"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.643743"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-0674-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82875-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6826"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.21554"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abg9922"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-05772-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51331"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2014.05.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36740\/WLek202306123"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000067"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2020.106050"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.816625"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617720001071"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2022.0169"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2001309"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac126"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/EP091195"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2009.02910.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000598"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2020.1858345"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36791"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaa272"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006322"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.762077"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968315600525"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2008.00176.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws322"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22455"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2021.102665"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.06.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706400"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00672"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2011.2149"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1450-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e318246887e"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106680"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20200861"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaw1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2011.00513.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.5978"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968315584004"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlx101"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18051000"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5271"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-014-0319-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2018.03.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2013.00018"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2009.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-021-00834-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e318232a379"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00051"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24954"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3547"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1886"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.5694"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-7241-21-52"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.6341"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Snair M Matney C Bowman K et al. Biomarkers for traumatic brain injury. In: Proceedings of a Workshop. 2023; doi: 10.1722\/6\/26932","DOI":"10.1722\/6\/26932"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e3181ef2a40"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjtee.2018.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-020-0339-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2024.0356"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neur.2020.0065"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000273"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000408"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715002986"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.09.045"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.599"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000465"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaa086"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15622975.2023.2171479"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18030601"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14789450.2018.1444483"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-01853-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-021-00325-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.08.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.4986"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7447"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X18791632"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003748"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241224"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01638-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2019.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207370"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_145_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.921203"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3742-14.2015"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_147_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2021.0011"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_148_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.05.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_149_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(99)00148-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_150_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2008.0738"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_151_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-013-9933-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_152_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/765923"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_153_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0000000000000261"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_154_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-013-9933-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_155_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/765923"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_156_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0000000000000261"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_157_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-020-01173-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_158_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5449"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_159_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2021.0099"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_160_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2006.0245"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/neu.2024.0294","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/neu.2024.0294","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/neu.2024.0294","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:45:44Z","timestamp":1777675544000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1089\/neu.2024.0294"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"references-count":159,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9-10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/neu.2024.0294"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2024.0294","relation":{},"ISSN":["0897-7151","1557-9042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0897-7151","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-9042","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]}}}