{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:45:40Z","timestamp":1777927540307,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"15-16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Because most traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) do not present with objective indicators (e.g., neuroimaging findings) to confirm the diagnosis, clinicians often rely on self- or observer-reporting of alteration of consciousness (AOC; e.g., loss of consciousness [LOC], amnesia, other signs of altered mental status), and symptoms to make diagnoses. Moreover, there is no universal agreement on signs and symptoms to sufficiently diagnose TBI, which leads to variability and ambiguity in how TBI is diagnosed in clinical and research settings. The lack of standardized procedures for the diagnosis of acute TBI is a major challenge that hampers the ability to evaluate and compare TBI studies and advance the science and treatment of TBI. We present a new semi-structured TBI Diagnostic Interview (TBI-DI), developed for prospective TBI research to collect injury information important to verifying eligibility for the diagnosis of TBI. Specifically, the TBI-DI collects patient (and\/or witness) reports of head trauma, AOC (including LOC and amnesia), and TBI-related symptomology. We describe the protocol, interrater reliability of the TBI-DI items to the same audio-recorded interview, and observed injury characteristics for interviews conducted at 2 weeks post-injury. The sample comprised 335 interviews (320 self-reported, 10 informant-reported, and 5 both) collected on individuals with TBI who were prospectively recruited from 4 U.S. level 1 trauma centers from 2019 to 2023. Cohen\u2019s kappa was calculated to summarize interrater reliability\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 288 interviews. UpSet plots were created to illustrate the prevalence of distinct profiles of signs of AOC and symptom reporting. Overall, there was a near-perfect agreement between raters for all AOC descriptors (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.85\u20130.92) and symptom items (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\n                    ranging from 0.92 to 0.99). We observed diverse profiles of AOC, with 45% manifesting witnessed LOC, post-traumatic amnesia, or other altered mental status. Patients (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 325) self-reported 256 different combinations of the 14 acute symptoms included in the interview (most commonly experiencing headache, dizziness, fatigue, and difficulty concentrating). The TBI-DI and associated SOP appear well-suited for use in a multicenter prospective study of TBI. Future research should examine the stability of reporting by respondents and the alignment between interview and objective clinical information. The TBI-DI solicits diverse acute diagnostic information that, when combined with clinical information (including confounding factors) and objective injury indicators, may inform more rigorous scientific reporting and evidence-based TBI diagnostic practices.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2024.0402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T04:23:57Z","timestamp":1744172637000},"page":"1404-1415","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Traumatic Brain Injury Diagnostic Interview: Development, Interrater Reliability, and 2-Week Post-Injury Clinical Profiles"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Mary U.","family":"Simons","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alyssa","family":"Maio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2079-0647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel L.","family":"Huber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John D.","family":"Corrigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Temkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery and Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marin","family":"Darsie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Emergency Medicine, Neurology, &amp; Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Kitagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Health Houston, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Whyte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Elkins Park, Pennsylvania, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7916-9698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph T.","family":"Giacino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Murray B.","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and School of Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey T.","family":"Manley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"McCrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5258-953X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindsay D.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30415-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6609a1"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004214"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70120-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.08.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.2938"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.07.232"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.CON.0000458974.78766.58"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000900"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000901"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09979-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7074"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.08.477"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.03.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HTR.0000300227.67748.77"},{"issue":"38","key":"e_1_3_6_17_2","first-page":"165","article-title":"Relationship between neighborhood disadvantage and mild traumatic brain injury symptoms","volume":"2","author":"Kinney AR","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kinney AR, , Bahrani NH, , Brenner LA, et al. 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