{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:10:23Z","timestamp":1787008223388,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"19-20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Whether and how traumatic brain injury (TBI) impacts ageing in the decades post-injury remains a matter of debate, partly due to a lack of controlled studies. This study examined the long-term impact of TBI on cognition and wellbeing in middle-aged and older adults and explored the relationship between age, cognition, and wellbeing, compared with a non-TBI control group. Cross-sectional data from 143 participants aged \u226540 with moderate-severe TBI (6\u201333 years post-injury; mean age 59.64) were compared with 71 non-TBI controls (mean age 62.10) group matched on age, gender, and premorbid IQ. Individuals with significant confounding comorbidities were excluded. A battery of neuropsychological tests and wellbeing measures (emotional distress, sleep, health-related quality of life [HRQoL]) was administered. Older age and TBI were each independently associated with poorer cognition across multiple domains (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05). The relationship between verbal learning and memory impairment post-TBI differed between age groups: individuals with TBI in their 40s\u201360s performed significantly worse than same-aged controls on verbal story acquisition (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.09,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p =<\/jats:italic>\n                    0.040, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.004, 0.17]) and recall (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.12,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p =<\/jats:italic>\n                    0.009, 95% CI [0.03, 0.21]), and verbal wordlist recall (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.11,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.007, 95% CI [0.03, 0.19]). In comparison, no significant group differences in verbal memory emerged for ages 70\u201390. The TBI group reported greater emotional distress (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 3.55,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.001, 95% CI [1.73, 5.37]), poorer sleep quality (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 1.07,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p =<\/jats:italic>\n                    0.016, 95% CI [0.20, 1.94]), and poorer physical HRQoL (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B<\/jats:italic>\n                    = \u22124.26,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p =<\/jats:italic>\n                    0.003, 95% CI [\u22127.08, \u22121.43]) than controls at all ages. Poorer physical HRQoL was related to poorer cognition post-TBI (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05). Our results challenge the notion that TBI exacerbates ageing. Moderate-severe TBI resulted in significant long-term impairments in cognition and wellbeing, with verbal learning and memory more impaired during middle-adulthood but not older adulthood compared to controls. TBI was not associated with changes to wellbeing with ageing. Intervention for verbal memory deficits in middle-aged adults with TBI is important, along with wider long-term supports for cognition, wellbeing, and activity participation in all individuals with TBI.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2024.0524","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T13:44:06Z","timestamp":1744724646000},"page":"1786-1795","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Ageing with Traumatic Brain Injury: Long-Term Cognition and Wellbeing"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0863-6367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amber","family":"Ayton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gershon","family":"Spitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amelia J.","family":"Hicks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0430-125X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennie","family":"Ponsford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.10.JNS17352"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000012"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2019.03.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2011.2197"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2013.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.17.2.299"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018239"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2021.1914674"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2012.706353"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5103"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0b013e3181c15600"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02699059509008194"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.2668"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.09-11-03876.1989"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm300"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-200108000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2008.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-182457"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.091553"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207501"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0b013e3181ccc893"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_23_2","article-title":"Age moderates the effect of injury severity on functional trajectories in traumatic brain injury: A study using the NIDILRR Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems National Dataset","author":"Winter L","year":"2022","unstructured":"Winter L, , Mensinger JL, , Moriarty HJ. 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