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One of six working groups addressed Retrospective Classification of TBI. The Working Group consisted of 14 experts in brain injury research representing a breadth of professional disciplines. Initial conclusions based on expert opinion were vetted and revised based on public input at the January 2024 NINDS TBI Classification and Nomenclature Workshop. The Working Group examined five types of methodologies for identifying past TBIs (self\/proxy-report, medical record extraction, imaging, fluid-based biomarkers, and performance-based tests). They concluded that self\/proxy-report is essential for clinical, research and surveillance applications and that clinicians and researchers should employ elicitation protocols that have been studied and found valid. Medical record extraction was also identified as an invaluable tool for identification of past history of medically attended TBIs; however, there is a need to standardize the case definition employed and procedures used. The use of imaging methods, fluid-based biomarkers, and performance-based assessments in isolation lacked sufficient evidence of both sensitivity and specificity in detecting past histories of TBI to be recommended for this use at this time. The Working Group also evaluated identification of repetitive head impacts (RHI), finding no evidence of a common definition of RHI, a requisite initial step for the development and validation of standardized instruments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2024.0590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T19:00:52Z","timestamp":1747767652000},"page":"1086-1095","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Retrospective Identification and Characterization of Traumatic Brain Injury\u2014Recommendations from the 2024 National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Traumatic Brain Injury Classification and Nomenclature Initiative Retrospective Classification Working Group"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"John D.","family":"Corrigan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael L.","family":"Alosco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Boston University Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research Center, Boston University CTE Center, Boston University Chobanian &amp; Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joukje","family":"van der Naalt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4450-0712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel Sayko","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Law, Policy and Management, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Breton M.","family":"Asken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Florida Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sidney","family":"Hinds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology\/Neurology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony H.","family":"Lequerica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kessler Foundation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6044-9035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginia","family":"Newcombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olli","family":"Tenovuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Turku, Turku, Finland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eve","family":"Valera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Yurgelun-Todd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIRECC George E. 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