{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:46:27Z","timestamp":1777927587710,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]],"date-time":"2022-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]],"date-time":"2022-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647302400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurotrauma Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Football exposes its players to traumatic brain, neck, and spinal injury. It is unknown whether the adolescent football player develops imaging abnormalities of the brain and spine that are detectable on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The objective of this observational study was to identify potential MRI signatures of early brain and cervical spine (c-spine) injury in high school football players. Eighteen football players (mean age, 17.0\u2009\u00b1\u20091.5 years; mean career length, 6.3\u2009\u00b1\u20094.0 years) had a baseline brain MRI, and 7 had a follow-up scan 9\u201342 months later. C-spine MRIs were performed on 11 of the 18 subjects, and 5 had a follow-up scan. C-spine MRIs from 12 age-matched hospital controls were also retrospectively retrieved. Brain MRIs were reviewed by a neuroradiologist, and no cerebral microbleeds were detected. Three readers (a neuroradiologist, a neurosurgeon, and an orthopedic spine surgeon) studied the cervical intervertebral discs at six different cervical levels and graded degeneration using an established five-grade scoring system. We observed no statistically significant difference in disc degeneration or any trend toward increased disc degeneration in the c-spine of football players as compared with age-matched controls. Further research is needed to validate our findings and better understand the true impact of contact sports on young athletes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neur.2021.0026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]],"date-time":"2022-03-15T17:21:12Z","timestamp":1647364872000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in High School Football Players: Brain and Cervical Spine"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Hon J.","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Wadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Say","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annlia","family":"Paganini-Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arash Hosseini","family":"Jafari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saifal-Deen","family":"Farhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shane Rayos","family":"Del Sol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Osama","family":"Mobayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anton","family":"Hasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott Shunshan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hung","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canon Medical Systems USA, Tustin, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dawn","family":"Berkeley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canon Medical Systems USA, Tustin, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Po","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lydia Min-Ying","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Rosen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA."},{"name":"Department of Pathology &amp; 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