{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T14:10:57Z","timestamp":1790950257654,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurotrauma Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating disease with limited effective treatment options. Animal paradigms are vital for understanding the pathogenesis of SCI and testing potential therapeutics. The porcine model of SCI is increasingly favored because of its greater similarity to humans. However, its adoption is limited by the complexities of care and range of testing parameters. Researchers need to consider swine selection, injury method, post-operative care, rehabilitation, behavioral outcomes, and histology metrics. Therefore, we systematically reviewed full-text English-language articles to evaluate study characteristics used in developing a porcine model and summarize the interventions that have been tested using this paradigm. A total of 63 studies were included, with 33 examining SCI pathogenesis and 30 testing interventions. Studies had an average sample size of 15 pigs with an average weight of 26\u2009kg, and most used female swine with injury to the thoracic cord. Injury was most commonly induced by weight drop with compression. The porcine model is amenable to testing various interventions, including mean arterial pressure augmentation (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20097), electrical stimulation (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20096), stem cell therapy (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20095), hypothermia (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20092), biomaterials (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20092), gene therapy (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20092), steroids (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091), and nanoparticles (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091). It is also notable for its clinical translatability and is emerging as a valuable pre-clinical study tool. This systematic review can serve as a guideline for researchers implementing and testing the porcine SCI model.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neur.2022.0038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T12:10:29Z","timestamp":1662034229000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Porcine Model of Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Carly","family":"Weber-Levine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Hersh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Routkevitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yohannes","family":"Tsehay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Perdomo-Pantoja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendan F.","family":"Judy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Kerensky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Izzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua C.","family":"Doloff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Manbachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Theodore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-017-3442-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cell.2010.0039"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","unstructured":"Anonymous. Spinal Cord Injury \u2013 Types of Injury Diagnosis and Treatment. n.d. Available from: https:\/\/www.aans.org\/en\/Patients\/Neurosurgical-Conditions-and-Treatments\/Spinal-Cord-Injury [Last accessed: 1\/3\/2022]."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7086"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9120811"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081443"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","volume":"10","author":"Fadeev F","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fadeev F, , Eremeev A, , Bashirov F, et al. Combined supra-and sub-lesional epidural electrical stimulation for restoration of the motor functions after spinal cord injury in mini pigs. 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