{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T10:54:21Z","timestamp":1783076061778,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurotrauma Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Sports-related concussions occur with high incidence in the United States. Google Trends\u2122 (GT) analyses indicate changes of public interest in a topic over time, and can be correlated with incidence of health events such as concussion. Internet searches represent a primary means of patient education for many health topics, including concussion; however, the quality of medical information yielded by internet searches is variable and frequently of an inappropriate reading level. This study therefore aims to describe GT over time and evaluate the quality and readability of information produced by Google\u2122 searches of the term \u201cconcussion.\u201d We identified a strong negative correlation from 2009 to 2016 between GT scores and total number of American high school football participants (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.8553) and participants per school (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.9533). Between 2004 and 2020, the monthly GT popularity score were variable (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20093.193E-08), with September having the greatest scores, correlating with the height of American tackle football season. Applying five validated quality assessment scoring systems at two time points, it was confirmed that different sources yielded varying quality of information. Academic and non-profit healthcare sources demonstrated the highest quality metrics across two time points. There was significant variability of scores among the different scoring systems, however. The majority of searches at both time points yielded information that was rated as \u201cfair\u201d to \u201cpoor\u201d in quality. Applying six readability tests, we revealed that only a single commercial website offered information written at or below the American Medical Association\u2013 recommended 6th-grade level for healthcare information. In summary, GT data analyses suggest that searches correlate with the American tackle football season and increased between 2009 and 2016, given that public interest in concussion increased and annual participation in football decreased. The quality of information yielded by Google\u2122 searches and readability are inadequate, indicating the need for significant improvement.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neur.2022.0084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T10:47:21Z","timestamp":1679654841000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Google Trends\u2122 and Quality of Information Analyses of Google\u2122 Searches Pertaining to Concussion"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Mehul","family":"Mehra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierce A.","family":"Brody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simran","family":"Mehrotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine, William Carey University, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Om","family":"Sakhalkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd","family":"Maugans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/13439"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2010.081620"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9780317"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","unstructured":"Charnock D. The DISCERN handbook. Quality criteria for consumer health information on treatment choices. Radcliffe University of Oxford and The British Library: Oxford UK; 1998; pp. 7\u201351."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","first-page":"61","article-title":"Health literacy in clubfoot: a quantitative assessment of the readability, understandability and actionability of online patient education material","volume":"41","author":"Skalitzky MK","year":"2021","unstructured":"Skalitzky MK, , Gulbrandsen TR, , Lorentzen W, et al. Health literacy in clubfoot: a quantitative assessment of the readability, understandability and actionability of online patient education material. Iowa Orthop J, 2021; 41(1):61\u201367.","journal-title":"Iowa Orthop J"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03540390074039"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.10.PEDS17177"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","unstructured":"High School Participation Survey Archive. NFHS; Available from: https:\/\/www.nfhs.org\/sports-resources-content\/high-school-participation-survey-archive\/ [Last accessed: August 21 2021]."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","unstructured":"Weiss BD. Health Literacy and Patient Safety: Help Patients Understand. Manual for Clinicians 2nd ed. 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The Technique of Clear Writing. McGraw-Hill: New York NY; 1968."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0076540"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","first-page":"639","article-title":"SMOG grading: a new readability formula","volume":"12","author":"McLaughlin GH.","year":"1969","unstructured":"McLaughlin GH. SMOG grading: a new readability formula. J Read, 1969; 12(8):639\u2013646.","journal-title":"J Read"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_2","unstructured":"Senter R Smith EA. Automated Readability Index. Cincinnati University: Cincinnati OH; 1967."}],"container-title":["Neurotrauma Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/neur.2022.0084","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/neur.2022.0084","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/neur.2022.0084","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:48:12Z","timestamp":1777675692000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1089\/neur.2022.0084"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/neur.2022.0084"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neur.2022.0084","relation":{},"ISSN":["2689-288X","2689-288X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2689-288X","type":"print"},{"value":"2689-288X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"article-number":"neur.2022.0084"}}