{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:21:04Z","timestamp":1788481264367,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682640000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurotrauma Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    To investigate microglial mechanisms in central and peripheral inflammation after experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI), we inhibited the colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R) with PLX5622 (PLX). We hypothesized that microglia depletion would attenuate central inflammation acutely with no effect on peripheral inflammation. After randomization, male mice (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009105) were fed PLX or control diets (21 days) and then received midline fluid percussion injury or sham injury. Brain and blood were collected at 1, 3, or 7 days post-injury (DPI). Immune cell populations were quantified in the brain and blood by flow cytometry. Cytokines (interleukin [IL]-6, IL-1\u03b2, tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1, interferon-\u03b3, IL-17A, and IL-10) were quantified in the blood using a multi-plex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data were analyzed using Bayesian multi-variate, multi-level models. PLX depleted microglia at all time points and reduced neutrophils in the brain at 7 DPI. PLX also depleted CD115\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    monocytes, reduced myeloid cells, neutrophils, and Ly6C\n                    <jats:sup>low<\/jats:sup>\n                    monocytes in blood, and elevated IL-6. TBI induced a central and peripheral immune response. TBI elevated leukocytes, microglia, and macrophages in the brain and elevated peripheral myeloid cells, neutrophils, Ly6C\n                    <jats:sup>int<\/jats:sup>\n                    monocytes, and IL-1\u03b2 in the blood. TBI lowered peripheral CD115\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and Ly6C\n                    <jats:sup>low<\/jats:sup>\n                    monocytes in the blood. TBI PLX mice had fewer leukocytes and microglia in the brain at 1 DPI, with elevated neutrophils at 7 DPI compared to TBI mice on a control diet. TBI PLX mice also had fewer peripheral myeloid cells, CD115\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , and Ly6C\n                    <jats:sup>low<\/jats:sup>\n                    monocytes in the blood at 3 DPI, but elevated Ly6C\n                    <jats:sup>high<\/jats:sup>\n                    , Ly6C\n                    <jats:sup>int<\/jats:sup>\n                    , and CD115\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    monocyte populations at 7 DPI, compared to TBI mice on a control diet. TBI PLX mice had elevated proinflammatory cytokines and lower anti-inflammatory cytokines in the blood at 7 DPI compared to TBI mice on a control diet. CSF-1R inhibition reduced the immune response to TBI at 1 and 3 DPI, but elevated peripheral inflammation at 7 DPI.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neur.2022.0092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T11:30:32Z","timestamp":1682681432000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Colony-Stimulating Factor-1 Receptor Inhibition Transiently Attenuated the Peripheral Immune Response to Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Katherine R.","family":"Giordano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA."},{"name":"Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine\u2013Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA."},{"name":"Phoenix Veteran Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maha","family":"Saber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA."},{"name":"Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine\u2013Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tabitha R.F.","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine\u2013Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA."},{"name":"Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa M.","family":"Rojas-Valencia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA."},{"name":"Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine\u2013Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA."},{"name":"Phoenix Veteran Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Bryce","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA."},{"name":"Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine\u2013Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA."},{"name":"Phoenix Veteran Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean M.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine\u2013Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Lifshitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA."},{"name":"Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine\u2013Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA."},{"name":"Phoenix Veteran Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel K.","family":"Rowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52892-6.00001-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.116"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2013.00018"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e3181588245"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2405-14.2015"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13607"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2402-19.2020"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0000000000000021"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6885"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001618"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5399"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.6019"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.05.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.297068"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1910-21.2022"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000412"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rowe RK Griffiths DR Lifshitz J. Midline (Central) Fluid Percussion Model of Traumatic Brain Injury. In: Injury Models of the Central Nervous System: Methods and Protocols. (Kobeissy HF Dixon EC Hayes LR et al. eds.) Springer New York: New York NY; 2016; pp. 211\u2013230.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-3816-2_13"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2016.1193628"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31819fcd1b"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001618"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24771"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_25_2","unstructured":"Wu L. Mixed Effects Models for Complex Data. Chapman & Hall\/CRC: Boca Raton FL; 2010."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/ojs.2012.24047"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110403521"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0266476042000214501"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2012.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13234"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2018-017"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/06-BA117A"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v076.i01"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v080.i01"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_35_2","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing: Vienna Austria; 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1177011136"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gelman A Shirlet K. Inference from Simulations and Monitoring Convergence. CRC: Boca Raton FL; 2011.","DOI":"10.1201\/b10905-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/rssa.12378"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_39_2","unstructured":"Gabry J Mahr T. bayesplot: Plotting for Bayesian Models. 2022. R package version 1.10.0 https:\/\/mc-stan.org\/bayesplot\/ [Last accessed: April 2 2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gelman A Carlin JB Stern HS et al. Bayesian Data Analysis: Model Checking and Improvement. CRC: Boca Raton FL; 2013.","DOI":"10.1201\/b16018"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mpi014"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2021.0048"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X16666551"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11499"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X17694185"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2469-20.2020"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2020.113530"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1994.11.499"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1173-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1178331"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1142883"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_7_52_2","article-title":"The role of inflammation in CNS injury and disease","volume":"147","author":"Lucas SM","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lucas SM, , Rothwell NJ, , Gibson RM. The role of inflammation in CNS injury and disease. Br J Pharmacol, 2006; 147 Suppl 1(S232-40, doi:10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706400","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(02)00010-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-018-1944-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1200-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01832-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1998.6877"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228603"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1922788117"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.02.040"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082507"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14611"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-199500252-00005"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_7_64_2","first-page":"314","article-title":"Effect of cytokines and hyperthermia on phagocytosis and phosphatidylserine externalization: implication for the pathophysiology of hemophagocytic syndrome","volume":"48","author":"Kumakura S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kumakura S, , Yamaguchi Y, , Murakawa Y, et al. Effect of cytokines and hyperthermia on phagocytosis and phosphatidylserine externalization: implication for the pathophysiology of hemophagocytic syndrome. Ann Clin Lab Sci, 2018; 48(3):314\u2013322.","journal-title":"Ann Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.576366"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2000.93.4.0539"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2019.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-018-0636-8"}],"container-title":["Neurotrauma Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/neur.2022.0092","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/neur.2022.0092","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/neur.2022.0092","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:48:15Z","timestamp":1777675695000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/neur.2022.0092"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/neur.2022.0092"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neur.2022.0092","relation":{},"ISSN":["2689-288X","2689-288X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2689-288X","type":"print"},{"value":"2689-288X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]]},"article-number":"neur.2022.0092"}}