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Much of the ongoing research in the field is focused on the neurological consequences of these injuries and the relationship between TBIs and long-term neurodegenerative conditions such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy and Alzheimer's disease. However, our understanding of the complex relationship between applied mechanical force at impact, brain pathophysiology, and neurological function remains incomplete. Past research has shown that mild TBIs, even below the threshold that results in cranial fracture, induce changes in cranial bone structure and morphology. These structural and physiological changes likely have implications for the transmission of mechanical force into the underlying brain parenchyma. Here, we review this evidence in the context of the current understanding of bone mechanosensitivity and the consequences of TBIs or concussions. We postulate that heterogeneity of the calvarium, including differing bone thickness attributable to past impacts, age, or individual variability, may be a modulator of outcomes after subsequent TBIs. We advocate for greater consideration of cranial responses to TBI in both experimental and computer modeling of impact biomechanics, and raise the hypothesis that calvarial bone thickness represents a novel biomarker of brain injury vulnerability post-TBI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neur.2023.0025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]],"date-time":"2023-06-20T16:39:31Z","timestamp":1687279171000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Cranial Bone Changes Induced by Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries: A Neglected Player in Concussion Outcomes?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Bridgette D.","family":"Semple","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria, Australia."},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, Victoria, Australia."},{"name":"Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Panagiotopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00002-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 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