{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T10:35:08Z","timestamp":1782124508900,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurotrauma Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Each year in the United States, \u223c2.7 million persons seek medical attention for traumatic brain injury (TBI), of which \u223c85% are characterized as being mild brain injuries. Many different cell types in the brain are affected in these heterogeneous injuries, including neurons, glia, and the brain vasculature. Efforts to identify biomarkers that reflect the injury of these different cell types have been a focus of ongoing investigation. We hypothesized that von Willebrand factor (vWF) is a sensitive biomarker for acute traumatic vascular injury and correlates with symptom severity post-TBI. To address this, blood was collected from professional boxing athletes (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200917) before and within 30\u2009min after competition. Plasma levels of vWF and neuron-specific enolase were measured using the Meso Scale Discovery, LLC. (MSD) electrochemiluminescence array-based multi-plex format (MSD, Gaithersburg, MD). Additional symptom and outcome data from boxers and patients, such as the Rivermead symptom scores (Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire [RPQ-3]), were collected. We found that, subsequent to boxing bouts, there was a 1.8-fold increase in vWF levels within 30\u2009min of injury (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.0009). Moreover, fold-change in vWF correlates moderately (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.51;\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.03) with the number of head blows. We also found a positive correlation (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.69;\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.002) between fold-change in vWF and self-reported post-concussive symptoms, measured by the RPQ-3. The receiver operating curve analysis of vWF plasma levels and RPQ-3 scoring yielded a sensitivity of 94.12% and a specificity of 76.5% with an area under the curve of 83% for boxers after a fight compared to the pre-bout baseline. This study suggests that vWF is a potential blood biomarker measurable in the hyperacute period after blunt mild TBI. This biomarker may prove to be useful in diagnosing and monitoring traumatic vascular injury.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neur.2023.0044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T12:22:45Z","timestamp":1697026965000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Plasma von Willebrand Factor Is Elevated Hyperacutely After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Rachel","family":"Thomas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cillian E.","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeff","family":"Debad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC, Rockville, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC, Rockville, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Onyinyechi","family":"Chidomere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Kilianski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kan","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Madden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle K.","family":"Sandsmark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramon","family":"Diaz-Arrastia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua W.","family":"Gatson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA."},{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA."},{"name":"General Dynamics Information Technology, Falls Church, Virginia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30415-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6609a1"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.1313"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02689-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.443"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.7.JNS132474"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics6040037"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.4333"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","first-page":"1619","article-title":"Head trauma","volume":"28","author":"Davis PC; Expert Panel on Neurologic Imaging","year":"2007","unstructured":"Davis PC; Expert Panel on Neurologic Imaging. 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