{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T17:17:24Z","timestamp":1778174244336,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurotrauma Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) frequently results in sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances. We have investigated whether dysregulation of circadian rhythm after bTBI is mediated by dysregulation of clock genes in the hypothalamus and pineal gland of rats at acute (24\u2009h) and chronic (1 month) time points post-blast. Expression of core circadian genes (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bmal1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Clock<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Per1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Per2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cry1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cry2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) in the hypothalamus and pineal gland were quantified using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Hypocretin (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Hcrt<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and hypocretin receptor (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Hcrtr1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Hcrtr2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) expression in the hypothalamus were also quantified along with plasma corticosterone levels. Blast-exposed rats showed a statistically significant increase in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bmal1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and decreases in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Per1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Per2<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cry2<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the pineal gland at 24\u2009h post-blast in rats euthanized at night. In the hypothalamus, increases in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bmal1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cry1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cry2<\/jats:italic>\n                    were noted along with decreases in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Per1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Per2<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene expression at 24\u2009h post-blast in rats euthanized at night. Except for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bmal1<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the hypothalamus, no statistically significant changes in expression of any of the clock genes were detected in the hypothalamus or pineal gland samples collected during daylight post-blast. In the hypothalamus, a decrease in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Hcrt<\/jats:italic>\n                    associated with increases in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Hcrtr1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Hcrtr2<\/jats:italic>\n                    were noted at 24\u2009h post-blast in rats euthanized during daytime and nighttime. Increased plasma corticosterone was noted at 24\u2009h post-blast in samples collected at night. No statistically significant changes in any of the core circadian genes\u2014hypocretin, hypocretin receptors, or plasma corticosterone\u2014were observed in the samples collected at 1 month post-blast injury. Blast exposure causes differential expression of core circadian genes in the hypothalamus and pineal gland during nighttime, along with dysregulation of hypocretin and its receptors, which might play a key role in the sleep disruptions associated with bTBI.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/neur.2023.0048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]],"date-time":"2023-08-31T11:55:28Z","timestamp":1693482928000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Blast Exposure Induces Acute Alterations in Circadian Clock Genes in the Hypothalamus and Pineal Gland in Rats: An Exploratory Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Manoj","family":"Govindarajulu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mital Y.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jishnu","family":"Krishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph B.","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peethambaran","family":"Arun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.2006.18.2.141"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2006.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa072972"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patbio.2014.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0b013e3181a0b281"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","first-page":"zsx04","article-title":"Sleep-wake disturbances after traumatic brain injury: synthesis of human and animal studies","volume":"40","author":"Sandsmark DK","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sandsmark DK, , Elliott JE, , Lim MM. 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