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These two parasites are responsible for more disability adjusted life years lost than most other neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), and together, are second only to malaria. Although anthelmintic drugs are effective and widely available, they do not protect against reinfection, resistant parasites are likely to emerge, and mass drug administration programs are unsustainable. Therefore, there is a pressing need for the development of vaccines against these parasites. In recent years, there have been major advances in our understanding of hookworms and schistosomes at the molecular level through the use of \u201comics\u201d technologies. The secretomes of these parasites have been characterized using transcriptomics, genomics, proteomics, and newly developed gene manipulation and silencing techniques, and the proteins of interest are now the target of novel antigen discovery approaches, notably immunomics. This research has resulted in the discovery, development, and early stage clinical trials of subunit vaccines against hookworms and schistosomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2010.0150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,17]],"date-time":"2011-06-17T17:56:40Z","timestamp":1308333400000},"page":"567-577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Vaccinomics for the Major Blood Feeding Helminths of Humans"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Alex","family":"Loukas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"James Cook University","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soraya","family":"Gaze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James Cook University","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason P.","family":"Mulvenna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James Cook University","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robin B.","family":"Gasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Melbourne","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul J.","family":"Brindley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Washington University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denise L.","family":"Doolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Institute of Medical Research","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey M.","family":"Bethony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Washington University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Malcolm K.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Queensland","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey N.","family":"Gobert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Institute of Medical Research","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Driguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Institute of Medical Research","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donald P.","family":"McManus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Institute of Medical Research","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Hotez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Washington University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2007.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","first-page":"343","article-title":"Efficacy of mebendazole and levamisole alone or in combination against intestinal nematode infections after repeated targeted mebendazole treatment in Zanzibar","volume":"81","author":"Albonico M.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Albonico M., , Bickle Q., , Ramsan M., , Montresor A., , Savioli L., , Taylor M. 2003. 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