{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:54:09Z","timestamp":1777928049631,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]],"date-time":"2016-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467331200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["OMICS: A Journal of Integrative Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a major global health problem. We assessed the association of mannose binding lectin (MBL) deficiency and vertical transmission of HIV. Novel diagnostics would be a major breakthrough in this regard. MBL is a liver-derived protein and a key component of the innate immune system. MBL levels may be classified as normal, intermediate, or deficient in the plasma and can use\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">MBL2<\/jats:italic>\n                    haplotypes as a proxy. These haplotypes comprise polymorphisms in the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">MBL2<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene and promoter region and are known to result in varying levels of MBL deficiency. MBL deficiency can be defined as presence of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">A\/O<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">O\/O<\/jats:italic>\n                    genotypes in the mothers and their children. MBL deficiency leads to defective opsonization activities of the innate immune system and increased susceptibility to several infections, including HIV-1. We determined the prevalence of MBL deficiency, using\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">MBL2<\/jats:italic>\n                    haplotypes among 622 HIV-positive Zimbabwean mothers and their children aged 9\u201318 months old, in relation to the HIV-1 vertical transmission risk. The median age of the mothers was 30 (26\u201334, interquartile range [IQR]) years, and the babies' median age was 13 (11\u201315, IQR) months old at the time of enrollment. From the sample of 622 mothers who were HIV-1 infected, 574 babies were HIV negative and 48 were HIV-1-positive babies, giving a transmission rate of 7.7%.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">MBL2<\/jats:italic>\n                    normal structural allele\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">A<\/jats:italic>\n                    and variants\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B (codon 5\u2009A&gt;G<\/jats:italic>\n                    ),\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C (codon 57\u2009A&gt;G<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and promoter region SNPs\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u2212550(H\/L<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u2212221(X\/Y<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) were detected. Prevalence of haplotype-predicted MBL deficiency was 34% among the mothers and 32% among the children. We found no association between maternal\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">MBL2<\/jats:italic>\n                    deficiency and HIV-1 transmission to their children. We found no difference in the distribution of HIV-1 infected and uninfected children between the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">MBL2<\/jats:italic>\n                    genotypes of the mothers and those of the children. Taken together, the present study in a large sample of mother\u2013infant pairs in Zimbabwe adds to the emerging literature and the hypothesis that\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">MBL2<\/jats:italic>\n                    variation as predicted by haplotypes does not influence the vertical transmission risk for HIV. Research from other populations from the African continent is called for to test this hypothesis further.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2016.0056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,17]],"date-time":"2016-06-17T16:52:35Z","timestamp":1466182355000},"page":"433-441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["HIV-1 Vertical Transmission in Zimbabwe in 622 Mother and Infant Pairs: Rethinking the Contribution of Mannose Binding Lectin Deficiency in Africa"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Rutendo B.L.","family":"Zinyama-Gutsire","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Witwatersrand","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"Medical Research Council of Zimbabwe","place":["Zimbabwe"]},{"name":"Letten Research Foundation","place":["Zimbabwe"]},{"name":"Statens Serum Institut","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Christiansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statens Serum Institut","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paula L.","family":"Hedley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statens Serum Institut","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simbarashe","family":"Rusakaniko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Letten Research Foundation","place":["Zimbabwe"]},{"name":"University of Zimbabwe","place":["Zimbabwe"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Hagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statens Serum Institut","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Babill","family":"Stray-Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Letten Research Foundation","place":["Zimbabwe"]},{"name":"University of Zimbabwe","place":["Zimbabwe"]},{"name":"University of Oslo","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raluca","family":"Buzdugan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frances","family":"Cowan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESHAAR Research Centre","place":["Zimbabwe"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Chasela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Witwatersrand","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"Human Sciences Research Council","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2014.0080"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199905070-00019"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit081"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2006000600003"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2156-11-38"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gene.6364312"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.10051"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2006.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200303280-00025"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gene.6363685"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2014.0063"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053213"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control (CDC). 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