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Major surgical interventions are often required for most CHDs. In Africa, despite advances in life sciences infrastructure and improving education of medical scholars, the limited clinical data suggest that CHD detection and correction are still not at par with the rest of the world. But the toll and genetics of CHDs in Africa has seldom been systematically investigated. We present an expert review on CHD with lessons learned on Africa. We found variable CHD phenotype prevalence in Africa across countries and populations. There are important gaps and paucity in genomic studies of CHD in African populations. Among the available genomic studies, the key findings in Africa were variants in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">GATA4<\/jats:italic>\n                    (P193H),\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">MTHFR 677TT<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">MTHFR 1298CC<\/jats:italic>\n                    that were associated with atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect (VSD), Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), and patent ductus arteriosus phenotypes and 22q.11 deletion, which is associated with TOF. There were no data on epigenomic association of CHD in Africa, however, other studies have shown an altered expression of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">miR-421<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">miR-1233-3p<\/jats:italic>\n                    to be associated with TOF and hypermethylation of CpG islands in the promoter of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">SCO2<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene also been associated with TOF and VSD in children with non-syndromic CHD. These findings signal the urgent need to develop and implement genetic and genomic research on CHD to identify the hereditary and genome\u2013environment interactions contributing to CHD. These projected studies would also offer comparisons on CHD pathophysiology between African and other populations worldwide. Genomic research on CHD in Africa should be developed in parallel with next generation technology policy research and responsible innovation frameworks that examine the social and political factors that shape the emergence and societal embedding of new technologies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2018.0033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,15]],"date-time":"2018-05-15T11:52:48Z","timestamp":1526385168000},"page":"301-321","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Genomics and Epigenomics of Congenital Heart Defects: Expert Review and Lessons Learned in Africa"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Nicholas Ekow","family":"Thomford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cape Town","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"University of Cape Coast","place":["Ghana"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Dzobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cape Town","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"University of Cape Town","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nana Akyaa","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korle Bu Teaching Hospital","place":["Ghana"]},{"name":"University of Ghana","place":["Ghana"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emile","family":"Chimusa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cape Town","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cape Town","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Okai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cape Coast","place":["Ghana"]},{"name":"Cape Coast Teaching Hospital","place":["Ghana"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Kruszka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maximilian","family":"Muenke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gordon","family":"Awandare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ghana","place":["Ghana"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ambroise","family":"Wonkam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cape Town","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Collet","family":"Dandara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cape Town","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v16i2.5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951113001194"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2069.189119"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-017-1255-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15513819309048252"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"Detection and putative effect of GATA4 gene variants in patients with congenital cardiac septal defects","volume":"62","author":"Al-Azzouny MA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Al-Azzouny MA, , El Ruby MO, , Issa HA, et al. 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