{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T17:55:34Z","timestamp":1781891734743,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]],"date-time":"2019-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548979200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["OMICS: A Journal of Integrative Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Past studies on the relationship between Killer cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptor (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">KIR<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and Human Leukocyte Antigen (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">HLA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) genetic variation and chronic immune activation (CIA) in HIV infection are not uniformly consistent. Moreover, interferon-\u03b3-induced protein 10 (IP-10) is a soluble biomarker of immune activation, with high plasma concentrations predicting accelerated disease progression in HIV infection. Thus, we investigated the association of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">KIR<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">HLA-C<\/jats:italic>\n                    genetic polymorphisms with plasma IP-10 concentration in 183 treatment-naive chronically HIV-infected adults of Bantu origin from Zimbabwe.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">KIR<\/jats:italic>\n                    genetic variation was determined using allele-specific primer PCR while\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">HLA-C<\/jats:italic>\n                    typing was characterized by sequencing. Plasma IP-10 was quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">KIR2DL3<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene was significantly associated with CIA as observed from IP-10 concentrations among\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">KIR2DL3<\/jats:italic>\n                    carriers (265.20\u2009pg\/mL, IQR: 179.99\u2013385.19) compared with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">KIR2DL3<\/jats:italic>\n                    noncarriers (183.56\u2009pg\/mL; IQR: 110.98\u2013230.81;\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.001) and among\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">KIR2DL3+HLA-C2<\/jats:italic>\n                    carriers (226.23\u2009pg\/mL, IQR: 187.96\u2013394.73) compared with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">KIR2DL3+HLA-C2<\/jats:italic>\n                    noncarriers (212.86\u2009pg\/mL, IQR: 160.15\u2013344.99;\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.017), respectively. Similarly, IP-10 concentrations were significantly higher (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.030) in the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">KIR3DS1<\/jats:italic>\n                    carriers (313.86\u2009pg\/mL, IQR: 230.05\u2013469.20) compared with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">KIR3DS1<\/jats:italic>\n                    noncarriers (246.01\u2009pg\/mL, IQR: 169.58\u2013373.32). Thus,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">KIR<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">HLA<\/jats:italic>\n                    -C could be playing important roles in HIV-associated immune activation. The elevation of IP-10 in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">KIR2DL3<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">KIR2DL3+C2<\/jats:italic>\n                    could potentially be explained by increased IFN-\u03b3 secretion from activated NK cell activation due to the absence of KIR2DL3's cognate C1 ligand. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on a potential link between\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">KIR<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">HLA-C<\/jats:italic>\n                    genetic determinants and plasma IP-10 concentration in this population sample. Future studies are called for in other world populations for biomarkers of disease progression and mechanisms of IP-10 variability in HIV infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2018.0147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,7]],"date-time":"2019-01-07T12:13:58Z","timestamp":1546863238000},"page":"111-118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["<i>KIR<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>HLA-C<\/i>\n                    Genetic Polymorphisms Influence Plasma IP-10 Concentration in Antiretroviral Therapy-Naive HIV-Infected Adult Zimbabweans"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Kudakwashe","family":"Mhandire","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe."},{"name":"Letten Foundation Research House, Harare, Zimbabwe."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynn Sodai","family":"Zijenah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mqondisi","family":"Tshabalala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis-Marie","family":"Yindom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tommy","family":"Mlambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doreen Zvipo","family":"Mhandire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe."},{"name":"Letten Foundation Research House, Harare, Zimbabwe."},{"name":"Division of Human Genetics, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cuthbert","family":"Musarurwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerina","family":"Duri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Rowland-Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Collet","family":"Dandara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Human Genetics, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Babill","family":"Stray-Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Letten Foundation Research House, Harare, Zimbabwe."},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Women's Clinic, Rikshospitalet, University Hospital, Oslo, Norway."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","first-page":"1017","article-title":"Distinct KIR\/HLA compound genotypes affect the kinetics of human antiviral natural killer cell responses","volume":"118","author":"Ahlenstiel G","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ahlenstiel G, , Martin MP, , Gao X, et al. (2008). Distinct KIR\/HLA compound genotypes affect the kinetics of human antiviral natural killer cell responses. J Clin Invest, 118, 1017\u20131026.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00256-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.11.5764"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1217550"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku1166"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Plasma Interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) can be used to predict viral load in HIV-1 infected individuals","volume":"63","author":"Gray CM","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gray CM, , Hong HA, , Young K, et al. (2013). Plasma Interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) can be used to predict viral load in HIV-1 infected individuals. J AIDS, 63, 3.","journal-title":"J AIDS"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-016-0099-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2011.00088"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl.12.37"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-09-455352"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2012.0011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030881"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00429"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24026"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e32835c7134"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0046143"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12849"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","first-page":"121","article-title":"CXCL10\/IP-10 in infectious diseases pathogenesis and potential therapeutic implications","volume":"22","author":"Liu M","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liu M, , Guo S, , Hibbert JM, et al. (2011). CXCL10\/IP-10 in infectious diseases pathogenesis and potential therapeutic implications. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev, 22, 121\u2013130.","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-0039.2003.00072.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12071"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng934"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1514867112"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874613601711010024"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2016.0154"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00336"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000747"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1361-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131922"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12079"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016541"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108798"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005774"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.74.12.5463"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jhg.2008.5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000735"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027349"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2007.09.012"}],"container-title":["OMICS: A Journal of Integrative Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/omi.2018.0147","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/omi.2018.0147","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/omi.2018.0147","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T23:02:25Z","timestamp":1777676545000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1089\/omi.2018.0147"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/omi.2018.0147"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/omi.2018.0147","relation":{},"ISSN":["1536-2310","1557-8100"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1536-2310","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-8100","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}}}