{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T21:40:10Z","timestamp":1781991610649,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["OMICS: A Journal of Integrative Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Nematode infections are common in both humans and livestock, with major adverse planetary health and economic impacts.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Wuchereria bancrofti<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a parasitic nematode that causes lymphatic filariasis, a neglected tropical disease that can lead to severe disability and deformity worldwide. For the long-term survival of the bancroftian parasites in the host, a complex immune invasion strategy is involved through immunomodulation. Therefore, immunomodulation can serve as a site of research and innovation for molecular targets. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">MIF<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) is a pleiotropic cytokine crucial to the host antimicrobial alarm system and stress response. Interestingly, the nematode parasite\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">W. bancrofti<\/jats:italic>\n                    also produces two homologs of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">MIF<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Wba-MIF1 and 2). Using a mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics approach, we report new findings on the immunomodulatory effect and signaling mechanism of Wba-MIF2 in macrophage cells. Accordingly, we observed 1201 phosphorylated sites on 467 proteins. Out of the 1201 phosphorylated sites, 1075, 117, and 9 were found on serine (S), threonine (T), and tyrosine (Y) residues, respectively. Our bioinformatics analysis led to identification of major pathways, including spliceosomes, T cell receptor signaling pathway, Th17 differentiation pathway, interleukin-17 signaling pathway, and insulin signaling pathway upon Wba-MIF2 treatment. Wba-MIF2 treatment also enriched\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CDK4<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CDK1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">DNAPK<\/jats:italic>\n                    kinases. The comparison of the signaling pathway of Wba-MIF2 with that of human-MIF suggests both share similar signaling pathways. These findings collectively offer new insights into the role and mechanism of Wba-MIF2 as an immunomodulator and inform future diagnostics and drug discovery research for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">W. bancrofti<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2024.0002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T16:40:05Z","timestamp":1711384805000},"page":"125-137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Unpacking Immune Modulation as a Site of Therapeutics Innovation for Nematode Parasite\n                    <i>Wuchereria bancrofti<\/i>\n                    : A Temporal Quantitative Phosphoproteomics Profiling of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor 2"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Ishwar","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neglected Tropical Diseases and Translational Research, ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi, Karnataka, India."},{"name":"Department of the Interdisciplinary Science, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, (Deemed to be University), Belagavi, Karnataka, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anagha","family":"Kanichery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chinmaya Narayana","family":"Kotimoole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prashant Kumar","family":"Modi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6206-2384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thottethodi Subrahmanya Keshava","family":"Prasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sugeerappa Laxamannappa","family":"Hoti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neglected Tropical Diseases and Translational Research, ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi, Karnataka, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X1600064X"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.2780"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2019.1656718"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1200"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2014.10.009"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_6_7_1","first-page":"1036","article-title":"Two forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) are expressed in human breast tissue and overexpressed in breast cancer: A putative mechanism for the antiproliferative effect of GnRH by down-regulation of acidic ribosomal phosphoproteins P1 and P2","volume":"62","author":"Chen A","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chen A, , Kaganovsky E, , Rahimipour S, et al. 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