{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:59:08Z","timestamp":1777928348185,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,22]],"date-time":"2011-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1324512000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,22]],"date-time":"2011-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1324512000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Allergy, Immunology, and Pulmonology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Tobacco use among pregnant women, as well as second- and third-hand smoke exposure of their infants, translates into the startling fact that more than one third of American children live with at least one parent who smokes cigarettes daily. Maternal smoking or second-hand smoke exposure during pregnancy is deleterious to the mother's health and contributes to prematurity, low birth-weight infants, and increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and recurrent wheezing during the first year of life. Pregnant women who stop tobacco use during pregnancy are at high risk for postpartum relapse frequently associated with a partner who smokes tobacco, stress, poverty, and lack of social and medical support to remain tobacco free. Enhanced efforts to identify and support pregnant women who smoke, and to implement strategies to prevent exposure of their fetus and newborn to the hazards of tobacco-smoke exposure, are paramount in our public health efforts to eliminate health disparities in the United States. We discuss the critical elements of programs to assist mothers to stop smoking during pregnancy and toward family efforts to maintain a smoke-free environment for their infant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Postpartum interventions, whether in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), newborn nursery, or postnatal care setting, can provide assistance that women need to remain smoke free, to educate spouses or significant others and their families, and to aide in establishing goals of maintaining a tobacco smoke-free home and car. Physicians and other perinatal healthcare providers have a duty to identify pregnant women who smoke for \u201cmeaningful use\u201d in the electronic medical record, and to provide advice and assistance in evidence-based smoking interventions in obstetrical care settings. Pediatricians, neonatologists, and others providing postpartum, \u201cnormal\u201d nursery or NICU care have an opportunity to protect infants and young children from second- and third-hand smoke exposure by assisting their parents and family members in maintaining a tobacco-free environment to improve the health of infants, toddlers, and young children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/ped.2011.0111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,22]],"date-time":"2011-12-22T15:33:41Z","timestamp":1324568021000},"page":"3-10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Protecting the Vulnerable: The Importance of Effective Parental Tobacco-Dependence Treatment During Prenatal and Newborn Care"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Kelly K.","family":"Adams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Loma Linda University Children's Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Beem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Loma Linda University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Diener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Loma Linda University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T. Allen","family":"Merritt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Loma Linda University Children's Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-2416"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"iii","volume-title":"How tobacco smoke causes disease: the biology, behavioral basis for smoking attributable disease 2010","author":"A Report of the Surgeon General","year":"2010","unstructured":"A Report of the Surgeon General. How tobacco smoke causes disease: the biology, behavioral basis for smoking attributable disease 2010. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service, Dec 2010; iii\u2013iv."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.97.4.560"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-0362(91)90021-N"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","volume-title":"Clinical Practice Guideline","author":"Fiore MC","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fiore MC, , Ja\u00e9n CR, , Backer TB et al. Targeting tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update. Clinical Practice Guideline. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service, May 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009260"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.90.6.905"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ped.2010.0036"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.83.4.307"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-7-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.97.4.547"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-0023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830190098010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-1067"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1103500"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-2184"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0912820107"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00393.2010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/JPM.2004.051"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.04.00060304"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13006-016-0078-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","first-page":"51","article-title":"Factors associated with the initiation and duration of breastfeeding: a review of the literature","volume":"55","author":"Scott JA","year":"1998","unstructured":"Scott JA, , Binns CW. Factors associated with the initiation and duration of breastfeeding: a review of the literature. Aust J Nutr Diet, 1998; 55:51\u201361.","journal-title":"Aust J Nutr Diet"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3782(01)00170-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2004.tb02639.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/089033449100700415"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","first-page":"27","article-title":"Breastfeeding and the use of recreational drugs\u2014alcohol, caffeine, nicotine and marijuana","volume":"6","author":"Liston J","year":"1998","unstructured":"Liston J. Breastfeeding and the use of recreational drugs\u2014alcohol, caffeine, nicotine and marijuana. Breastfeed Rev, 1998; 6:27\u201330.","journal-title":"Breastfeed Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","first-page":"2","article-title":"Smoking and breastfeeding","volume":"11","author":"Saunders S","year":"1990","unstructured":"Saunders S. Smoking and breastfeeding. Child Antenat Nutr Bull, 1990; 11:2\u20133.","journal-title":"Child Antenat Nutr Bull"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1992.tb12293.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.88.6.893"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8545(05)70365-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-200001000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","article-title":"Smoking cessation intervention for pregnant women: a call for extension to the postpartum period","author":"Coleman-Cowger VH","year":"2011","unstructured":"Coleman-Cowger VH. Smoking cessation intervention for pregnant women: a call for extension to the postpartum period. Matern Child Health J, 2011Epub ahead of print10.1007\/S10995-011-0837-2.","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.9.suppl_3.iii16"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(02)00574-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/11.3.334"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.89.5.706"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2001.96348511.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(18)30482-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6198.2005.00003.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.15.2.126"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.17.4.264"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","article-title":"Secondhand smoke risk in infants discharged from a NICU: potential for significant health disparities?","author":"Stotts AL","unstructured":"Stotts AL, , Evans PW, , Green CE, , Northrup TF, , Dodril C., , Fox BA, , Tyson JE, , Hovell ME. Secondhand smoke risk in infants discharged from a NICU: potential for significant health disparities? Nicotine Tob ResEpub ahead of print10.1093\/ntr\/ntr116.","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","unstructured":"McBride C. Tobacco cessation programs for pregnant women and mothers of young children. Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development 2003; 1\u20138. http:\/\/www.child-encyclopedia.com\/documents\/McBrideANGXp.pdf. 2011 October 6."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0884217505281861"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200410001669114"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-010-0568-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2005.02374.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200701767795"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","article-title":"Sources and frequency of secondhand smoke exposure during pregnancy","author":"Eiden RD","unstructured":"Eiden RD, , Molnar DS, , Leonard KE, , Colder CR, , Homish GG, , Maiorana N, , Schuetze P, , Connors GJ. Sources and frequency of secondhand smoke exposure during pregnancy. Nicotine Tob ResEpub ahead of print10.1093\/ntr\/ntr053.","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0356"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524839909353727"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","unstructured":"Smoking cessation during pregnancy: a clinician's guide to helping pregnant women quit smoking 2011 Self-instructional guide and tool kit. American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. www.acog.org\/departments\/healthissues\/scdp\/files\/scdp\/pdf. 2011 October 22."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","first-page":"1241","article-title":"Smoking cessation during pregnancy. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 471","volume":"166","author":"American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG)","year":"2010","unstructured":"American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Smoking cessation during pregnancy. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 471. Obstet Gynceol, 2010; 166:1241\u20131244.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynceol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3182310ca9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","first-page":"34","article-title":"Convincing pregnant patients to stop smoking","volume":"11","author":"Goldenberg RL","year":"2000","unstructured":"Goldenberg RL, , Dolan-Mellen P. Convincing pregnant patients to stop smoking. Contemp Ob Gyn, 2000; 11:34\u201344.","journal-title":"Contemp Ob Gyn"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","first-page":"CD001055","article-title":"Interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy","volume":"8","author":"Lumley J","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lumley J, , Chamberlain C, , Dowswell T, , Oliver S, , Oakely L, , Watson L. Interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2009; 8:CD001055.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0884217504264866"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-200194030-00006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","first-page":"348","article-title":"Missed opportunities for prevention: smoking cessation counseling and the competing demand of practice","volume":"45","author":"Jaen CR","year":"1997","unstructured":"Jaen CR, , Stange KC, , Tumiel LM, , Nutting P. Missed opportunities for prevention: smoking cessation counseling and the competing demand of practice. J Fam Pract, 1997; 45:348\u2013354.","journal-title":"J Fam Pract"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00089-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","article-title":"Prevention of postpartum smoking relapse in mothers of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit","author":"Phillips RM","unstructured":"Phillips RM, , Merritt TA, , Goldstein M, , Deming D, , Slater LE, , Angeles DM. Prevention of postpartum smoking relapse in mothers of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit. J PerinatolEpub ahead of print10.1038\/jp.2011.106.","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1006114"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2009.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OGX.0b013e3182077f64"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3182207bde"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.90.6.905"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1375\/jsc.3.2.73"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntp148"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","volume-title":"Pediatric Academic Societies Annual Meeting","author":"Adams KK","unstructured":"Adams KK, , Oshiro B, , Merritt T. Prevention of postpartum smoking relapse in mothers to prevent infant exposure to second-hand smoke [abstract] Pediatric Academic Societies Annual Meeting, Denver, CO, May 2011."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","volume-title":"American Academy of Pediatrics National Conference","author":"Adams KK","unstructured":"Adams KK, , Vasquez C, , Oshiro B, , Merritt T. Use of a Multi-Media Educational Intervention to Reduce Postpartum Smoking Relapse to Prevent Infant Exposure to Second-Hand Smoke [abstract] American Academy of Pediatrics National Conference, Boston, MA, October 2011."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","volume-title":"American College of Chest Physicians Tobacco-Dependence Treatment Tool Kit","author":"Sachs DPL","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sachs DPL, , Leone FT, , Faber HJ, , Bars MP, , Prezant DJ, , Schane RE, , Glantz SA, , Graham LM, , Kletter AS, , Pohlig C, , Harrod CG, , Lewis SZ. American College of Chest Physicians Tobacco-Dependence Treatment Tool Kit, third. Northbrook, IL: American College of Chest Physicians, 2009."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-150-8-200904210-00009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","volume-title":"Women and Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General","author":"Office on Smoking and Health (US)","year":"2001","unstructured":"Office on Smoking and Health (US). Women and Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US), March 2001."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","volume-title":"Guidance for Health Professionals on Changes in Licensing Arrangements for Nicotine Replacement Therapy","author":"Committee on Safety of Medicine (CSM), United Kingdom","year":"2005","unstructured":"Committee on Safety of Medicine (CSM), United Kingdom. Guidance for Health Professionals on Changes in Licensing Arrangements for Nicotine Replacement Therapy. London: ASH, 2005."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(77)90824-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8111"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","first-page":"121","article-title":"Costs of a smoking cessation counseling intervention for pregnant women: comparison of three settings","volume":"121","author":"Ayadi MF","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ayadi MF, , Adams EK, , Melvin CL, , Rivera CC, , Gaffney CA, , Pike J, , Rabius V, , Ferguson JN. Costs of a smoking cessation counseling intervention for pregnant women: comparison of three settings. Pub Health Rep, 2006; 121:121\u2013126.","journal-title":"Pub Health Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4733.2007.00239.x"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Allergy, Immunology, and Pulmonology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/ped.2011.0111","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/ped.2011.0111","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/ped.2011.0111","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T23:10:43Z","timestamp":1777677043000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/ped.2011.0111"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,22]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/ped.2011.0111"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/ped.2011.0111","relation":{},"ISSN":["2151-321X","2151-3228"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2151-321X","type":"print"},{"value":"2151-3228","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,22]]}}}