{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T03:27:16Z","timestamp":1778210836529,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Allergy, Immunology, and Pulmonology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pediatric noncystic fibrosis (CF) bronchiectasis has a variety of causes. An early and accurate diagnosis may prevent disease progression and complications. Current diagnostics and yield regarding etiology are evaluated in a pediatric cohort at a tertiary referral center.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Available data, including high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) characteristics, microbiological testing, and immunological screening of all children diagnosed with non-CF bronchiectasis between 2003 and 2017, were evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In 91% of patients [\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200969; median age 9 (3\u201318 years)] etiology was established in the diagnostic process. Postinfection (29%) and immunodeficiency (29%) were most common, followed by congenital anomalies (10%), aspiration (7%), asthma (6%), and primary ciliary dyskinesia (1%). HRCT predominantly showed bilateral involvement in immunodeficient patients (85%) and those with idiopathic bronchiectasis (83%). Congenital malformations (71%) were associated with unilateral disease. Completion of the diagnostic process often led to a change of treatment as started after initial diagnosis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using a comprehensive diagnostic protocol, the etiology of pediatric non-CF bronchiectasis was established in more than 90% of patients. HRCT provides additional diagnostic information as it points to either a more systemic or a more localized etiology. Adequate diagnostics and data analysis allow treatment to be specifically adapted to prevent disease progression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/ped.2019.1030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,21]],"date-time":"2019-11-21T11:35:14Z","timestamp":1574336114000},"page":"155-162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Noncystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis: Evaluation of an Extensive Diagnostic Protocol in Determining Pediatric Lung Disease Etiology"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Nike I.","family":"Beckeringh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niels W.","family":"Rutjes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joost","family":"van Schuppen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Radiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taco W.","family":"Kuijpers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2010.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2016.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-017-0434-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","first-page":"77","article-title":"A decade of non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis 1996\u20132006","volume":"103","author":"Zaid AA","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zaid AA, , Elnazir B, , Greally P. 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