{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T21:02:28Z","timestamp":1777928548062,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Allergy, Immunology, and Pulmonology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lower respiratory tract infections frequently complicate the care of children with chronic tracheostomies. Pediatric patients have significantly more risk to have tracheostomy infections than adults. Better understanding of modifiable risk factors for pulmonary exacerbations may improve the care of technology-dependent children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective single-center cohort study conducted on children with tracheostomy and chronic home ventilator to determine the incidence of pulmonary exacerbations leading to hospitalizations, emergency room (ER) visits, and antibiotic prescriptions. Oral and nebulized antibiotic prescriptions were collected and correlated to the type of exacerbation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Gram-negative enteric organisms were the most common microbes seen in the lower airways, with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      cultured in 86% of the subjects.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      presence predicted a 4-fold increased rate of pulmonary-related hospitalization. In pediatric patients with chronic respiratory failure, 64% of readmissions were pulmonary or tracheostomy related. When compared to standard care subjects on dual agent, alternating monthly nebulized antibiotic therapy (for chronic pseudomonas colonization) experienced 41% fewer hospitalizations [incidence rate ratios (IRR) 0.59 (0.18),\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.08], 46% fewer ER visits [IRR 0.56 (0.16),\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.04], and 41% fewer pulmonary-related ER visits [IRR 0.59 (0.19),\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.94].\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Children who require artificial airways are at an increased risk for bacterial bronchopulmonary infections. Most notable risk factors for hospitalization in tracheostomized children included neurologic impairment, dysphagia, aspiration, gastrotomy tube dependence, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Pathogenic microbes such as\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      species, certain gram-negative bacteria, candida, and yeast also predicted increased hospitalizations. Use of nebulized antibiotics prophylaxis in a subset of patients predicted lower rates of hospitalization or ER visits. More studies are needed to assess whether there is increased antimicrobial resistance with this strategy, and whether the benefits persist in the long-term nebulized antibiotics utilization.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/ped.2022.0198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]],"date-time":"2023-12-22T14:14:40Z","timestamp":1703254480000},"page":"133-142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Pediatric Patients with Tracheostomies and Its Multifacet Association with Lower Airway Infections: An 8-Year Retrospective Study in a Large Tertiary Center"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Khanh","family":"Lai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Intermountain Primary Children's Hospital-University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utha, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaron","family":"Fireizen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary Division, MemorialCare Miller Children's and Women's Hospital, Long Beach, California, USA."},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Pulmonary, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tricia","family":"Morphew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary Division, MemorialCare Miller Children's and Women's Hospital, Long Beach, California, USA."},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Pulmonary, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inderpal","family":"Randhawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary Division, MemorialCare Miller Children's and Women's Hospital, Long Beach, California, USA."},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Pulmonary, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2010.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.3.499"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.10110"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(85)80372-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2003.47"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.21536"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.57.12.1015"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.85.1.39"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S1579-2129(06)60437-0","article-title":"Home ventilatory assistance in Chilean children: 12 years' experience","volume":"42","author":"Bertrand P","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bertrand P, , Fehlmann E, , Lizama M, et al. Home ventilatory assistance in Chilean children: 12 years' experience. Arch Broncopneumol, 2006; 42(4):165\u2013170.","journal-title":"Arch Broncopneumol"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.65.12.1502"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Tracheostomy complications in the emergency department: A National Analysis of 38,271 Cases","author":"Kligerman MP","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kligerman MP, , Saraswathula A, , Sethi RK, et al. Tracheostomy complications in the emergency department: A National Analysis of 38,271 Cases. 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