{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T21:05:31Z","timestamp":1777928731063,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PHAGE: Therapy, Applications, and Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The worrisome spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens necessitates research on nonantibiotic therapeutics. Among these therapeutics, phage treatment uses bacteriophages (phages) as alternative antimicrobial agents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This project evaluates the lytic efficiency of phage cocktails\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      versus MDR, extensive drug-resistant (XDR), and pandrug-resistant (PDR)\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We utilized host range and genetic information to generate a three-phage cocktail capable of killing multiple clinical strains of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      and examined the effectiveness of the cocktail in this study. The isolates (114) had variable resistance to 13 antibiotics. A phage-enrichment approach was used to purify the bacteriophage cocktail; a phage lysate with a high titer (5 \u00d7 10\n                      <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                      PFU\/mL) was prepared and tested against 114\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results showed that a cocktail of three phages (MMS1, MMS2, and MMS3) could lyse\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      in both planktonic liquid and dish cultures. The MMS cocktail phages were shown to be viable between 4 and 50\u00b0C at pH 4\u20139. A one-step growth curve showed that the MMS phages had a latent period of 15 min and a burst period of approximately 18 min based on the size of approximately 265 offspring phages per host cell. The MMS3 phage was sequenced and shown to lack genes associated with bacterial pathogenicity or antibiotic resistance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Notably, XDR and PDR isolates were sensitive to the phage cocktail, a prospective substitute for antibiotics that does not contribute to the growth of antibiotic resistance, suggesting that the phage cocktail might be useful for generating personalized phage therapeutics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/phage.2021.0018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T23:05:31Z","timestamp":1722294331000},"page":"230-240","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Isolation and Characterization of Three Lytic Bacteriophages to Overcome Multidrug-, Extensive Drug-, and Pandrug-Resistant\n                    <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2034-0128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marwan Mahmood","family":"Saleh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics, College of Applied Sciences, University of Anbar, Baghdad, Iraq."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Majeed Arsheed","family":"Sabbah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic DNA Center, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zahraa Kamel","family":"Zedan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biotechnology, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10010042"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2018.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2019 Antibacterial Agents in Clinical Development an Analysis of the Antibacterial Clinical Development Pipeline","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2019 Antibacterial Agents in Clinical Development an Analysis of the Antibacterial Clinical Development Pipeline. 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Manual for the Laboratory Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Bacterial Pathogens of Public Health Importance in the Developing World Manual for the Laboratory Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Bacterial Pat. CDC: Atlanta, Georgia, USA; 2003."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/JEBR12.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/374001"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","first-page":"569","article-title":"Results of bacteriophage treatment of suppurative bacterial infections in the years 1981\u20131986","volume":"35","author":"Slopek S","year":"1987","unstructured":"Slopek S, , Weber-Dabrowska B, , Dabrowski M, , Kucharewicz-Krukowska A. Results of bacteriophage treatment of suppurative bacterial infections in the years 1981\u20131986. 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