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Considering calls to reduce agricultural antibiotic use, we isolated phages capable of killing\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">F. necrophorum<\/jats:italic>\n                      as an alternative or complementary biocontrol strategy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Six novel phages (\u03c6FN37, \u03c6RTG5, \u03c6KSUM, \u03c6Hugo, \u03c6Paco, and \u03c6BB) were isolated from rumen fluid or ruminal\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">F. necrophorum<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates and subjected to host range testing on both\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">F. necrophorum<\/jats:italic>\n                      subspecies. Four\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">F. necrophorum<\/jats:italic>\n                      subspecies,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">necrophorum<\/jats:italic>\n                      phages, were tested for cross-resistance and host growth inhibition individually and in pairs. Additionally, genomic sequencing, annotation, and analysis were performed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Four of six isolated phages were able to form lysogens, although all six contained lysogeny-related genes. \u03c6KSUM and \u03c6BB, did not form lysogens and were able to infect both subspecies. Four phages could infect\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">F. necrophorum<\/jats:italic>\n                      8L1 (a liver abscess model challenge strain)\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Genomic analysis showed that these phages belong to class\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Caudoviricetes<\/jats:italic>\n                      with genome sizes ranging from 35 kbp to 111 kbp and GC values ranging from 26% to 36% and have extremely limited similarity to other deposited phage genomes infecting\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Fusobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      or other genera.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although all phages isolated contained sequences bearing similarities to genes implicated in lysogeny, the four selected for use in cocktails showed potential in inhibiting host growth, with several demonstrating promising attributes for biocontrol and therapeutic applications. Phage cocktails that may offer enhanced antibacterial activity were also identified, indicating the potential of some lysogenic phages to be adapted for biocontrol or therapeutic purposes when lytic phages are difficult to obtain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/phage.2023.0028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T07:49:48Z","timestamp":1715240988000},"page":"63-75","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Isolation and Characterization of Six Novel\n                    <i>Fusobacterium necrophorum<\/i>\n                    Phages"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Cory","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA."},{"name":"Sentinel Environmental, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Mathieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA."},{"name":"Sentinel Environmental, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Laverde Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sentinel Environmental, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megan R.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Tikhonova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sentinel Environmental, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clark","family":"Hamor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pedro J. 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