{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T12:31:50Z","timestamp":1788093110241,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]],"date-time":"2011-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1298937600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Photomedicine and Laser Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Objective:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    To investigate the effect of therapeutic infrared class 3B laser irradiation on skin temperature in healthy participants of differing skin color, age, and gender.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Background:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    Little is known about the potential thermal effects of Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) irradiation on human skin.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Methods:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    Skin temperature was measured in 40 healthy volunteers with a thermographic camera at laser irradiated and control (non-irradiated) areas on the skin. Six irradiation doses (2\u201312\u2009J) were delivered from a 200\u2009mW, 810\u2009nm laser and a 60\u2009mW, 904\u2009nm laser, respectively.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Results:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    Thermal effects of therapeutic LLLT using doses recommended in the World Association for Laser Therapy (WALT) guidelines were insignificant; below 1.5\u00b0C in light, medium, and dark skin. When higher irradiation doses were used, the 60\u2009mW, 904\u2009nm laser produced significantly (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.01) higher temperatures in dark skin (5.7, SD\u2009\u00b1\u20091.8\u00b0C at 12\u2009J) than in light skin, although no participants requested termination of LLLT. However, irradiation with a 200\u2009mW, 810\u2009nm laser induced three to six times more heat in dark skin than in the other skin color groups. Eight of 13 participants with dark skin asked for LLLT to be stopped because of uncomfortable heating. The maximal increase in skin temperature was 22.3\u00b0C.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Conclusions:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    The thermal effects of LLLT at doses recommended by WALT-guidelines for musculoskeletal and inflammatory conditions are negligible (&lt;1.5\u00b0C) in light, medium, and dark skin. However, higher LLLT doses delivered with a strong 3B laser (200\u2009mW) are capable of increasing skin temperature significantly and these photothermal effects may exceed the thermal pain threshold for humans with dark skin color.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2010.2793","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,11]],"date-time":"2011-01-11T01:11:08Z","timestamp":1294708268000},"page":"145-153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["The Thermal Effects of Therapeutic Lasers with 810 and 904\u2009nm Wavelengths on Human Skin"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Jon","family":"Joensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bergen University College","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"University of Bergen","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan Hendrik","family":"Demmink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bergen","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark I.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Metropolitan University","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vegard V.","family":"Iversen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bergen University College","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo \u00c1lvaro Brand\u00e3o","family":"Lopes-Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of S\u00e3o Paulo","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan Magnus","family":"Bjordal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bergen University College","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"University of Bergen","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.5978\/islsm.13.95","article-title":"Attenuation and penetration depth of red 632.8\u2009nm and invisible infrared 904\u2009nm light in soft tissues","volume":"13","author":"Enwemeka C.S.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Enwemeka C.S. 2001. Attenuation and penetration depth of red 632.8\u2009nm and invisible infrared 904\u2009nm light in soft tissues. Laser Therapy, 13:95\u2013101.","journal-title":"Laser Therapy"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"312","article-title":"Low-intensity laser therapy: a review","volume":"48","author":"Schindl A.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Schindl A., , Schindl M., , Pernerstorfer-Schon H., , Schindl L. 2000. Low-intensity laser therapy: a review. J. Investig. Med., 48:312\u2013326.","journal-title":"J. Investig. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"177","article-title":"Evaluation of the superficial thermic effects induced by low-power laser therapy","volume":"27","author":"Zancan A.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Zancan A., , D'Alessandro G. 1994. Evaluation of the superficial thermic effects induced by low-power laser therapy. Riabilitazione, 27:177\u2013184.","journal-title":"Riabilitazione"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","volume-title":"Clinical Practice and Scientific Background","author":"Tuner J.A.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tuner J.A., , Hode L. 2002. Laser Therapy. Clinical Practice and Scientific Background. Gr\u00e4ngesberg (Sweden): Prima Books AB."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1423-0127-16-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1011-1344(98)00219-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.3138\/ptc.59.3.194","article-title":"Transmission of light through human skin folds during phototherapy: effects of physical characteristics, irradiation wavelength, and skin-diode coupling","volume":"59","author":"Nussbaum E.L.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nussbaum E.L., , Van Zuylen J., , Jing F. 2007. Transmission of light through human skin folds during phototherapy: effects of physical characteristics, irradiation wavelength, and skin-diode coupling. Physiother. Can., 59:194\u2013207.","journal-title":"Physiother. Can."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1080\/15569520701622951","article-title":"Structural characteristics of the aging skin: a review","volume":"26","author":"Farage M.A.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Farage M.A., , Miller K.W., , Elsner P., , Maibach H.I. 2007. Structural characteristics of the aging skin: a review. Cutan. Ocul. Toxicol., 26:343\u2013357.","journal-title":"Cutan. Ocul. Toxicol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12532761","article-title":"Structural changes in aging human skin","volume":"73","author":"Montagna W.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Montagna W., , Carlisle K. 1979. Structural changes in aging human skin. J. Invest. Dermatol., 73:47\u201353.","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2002.19636.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1984.tb04061.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"934","article-title":"Sun-reactive Skin Type in 4912 French adults participating in the SU.VI.MAX study","volume":"81","author":"Guinot C.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Guinot C., , Malvy D.J., , Latreille J. et al. 2005. Sun-reactive Skin Type in 4912 French adults participating in the SU.VI.MAX study. Photochem. Photobiol., 81:934\u2013940.","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0738-081X(96)00105-8","article-title":"Physiology of the skin\u2013Differences between women and men","volume":"15","author":"Tur E.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Tur E. 1997. Physiology of the skin\u2013Differences between women and men. Clin. Dermatol., 15:5\u201316.","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-961807"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1975.tb05113.x","article-title":"The influence of age and sex on skin thickness, skin collagen and density","volume":"93","author":"Shuster S.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Shuster S., , Black M.M., , McVitie E. 1975. The influence of age and sex on skin thickness, skin collagen and density. Br. J. Dermatol., 93:639\u2013643.","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0749.2002.1o071.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S41","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2002.120790","article-title":"Skin of color: biology, structure, function, and implications for dermatologic disease","volume":"46","author":"Taylor S.C.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Taylor S.C. 2002. Skin of color: biology, structure, function, and implications for dermatologic disease. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 46:S41\u201362.","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.06-6649rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R700026200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","first-page":"87","article-title":"Melanin and photoprotection","volume":"29","author":"Giacomoni P.U.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Giacomoni P.U. 1995. Open questions in photobiology III. Melanin and photoprotection. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B., 29:87\u201389.","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2005.12.004","article-title":"Validity of infrared thermal measurements of segmental paraspinal skin surface temperature","volume":"29","author":"Roy R.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Roy R., , Boucher J.P., , Comtois A.S. 2006. Validity of infrared thermal measurements of segmental paraspinal skin surface temperature. J. Manipulative Physiol. Ther., 29:150\u2013155.","journal-title":"J. Manipulative Physiol. Ther."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2006.114314"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-004-1210-6","article-title":"Infrared thermography for examination of skin temperature in the dorsal hand of office workers","volume":"93","author":"Gold J.E.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gold J.E., , Cherniack M., , Buchholz B. 2004. Infrared thermography for examination of skin temperature in the dorsal hand of office workers. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 93:245\u2013251.","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/41.10.1178","article-title":"Juvenile-onset localized scleroderma activity detection by infrared thermography","volume":"41","author":"Martini G.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Martini G., , Murray K.J., , Howell K.J. et al. 2002. Juvenile-onset localized scleroderma activity detection by infrared thermography. Rheumatology (Oxford), 41:1178\u20131182.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0846.2009.00371.x","article-title":"Validation of a protocol for the assessment of skin temperature and blood flow in childhood localised scleroderma","volume":"15","author":"Howell K.J.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Howell K.J., , Lavorato A., , Visentin M.T. et al. 2009. Validation of a protocol for the assessment of skin temperature and blood flow in childhood localised scleroderma. Skin Res. Technol., 15:346\u2013356.","journal-title":"Skin Res. Technol."},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_2_27_2.1","unstructured":"Wikipedia. Von Luschan's chromatic scale 2005[updated 2010 Feb 13"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_2_27_2.2","unstructured":"cited 2010 Feb. 20.]http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Von_Luschan's_chromatic_scale."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-009-0725-9","article-title":"In vivo study of age-related changes in the optical properties of the skin","volume":"25","author":"Calin M.A.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Calin M.A., , Parasca S.V. 2010. In vivo study of age-related changes in the optical properties of the skin. Lasers Med. Sci., 25:269\u2013274.","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","first-page":"10","article-title":"Quality assurance of thermal imaging systems in medicine","volume":"16","author":"Plassmann P","year":"2006","unstructured":"Plassmann P, , Ring E. F. J., , Jones C.D. 2006. Quality assurance of thermal imaging systems in medicine. Thermology Int, 16:10\u201315.","journal-title":"Thermology Int"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","unstructured":"WALT. World Association for Laser Therapy Dosage recommendation. 1994[updated August 2005; cited 2010 Feb. 20.]http:\/\/www.walt.nu\/dosage-recommendations.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-197403000-00028","article-title":"Therapeutic heat and cold","volume":"99","author":"Lehmann J.F.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Lehmann J.F., , Warren C.G., , Scham S.M. 1974. Therapeutic heat and cold. Clin. Orthop. Related R., 99:207\u2013245.","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Related R."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devor M. 1990. What`s in a laser beam for pain therapy? Pain 43:139.","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(90)91065-Q"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.1900160404"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","volume-title":"Textbook of Medical Physiology","author":"Guyton A.C.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Guyton A.C., , Hall J.E. 2006. Textbook of Medical Physiology, eleventh. Philadelphia (PA): Elsevier Saunders."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1999.86.4.1185"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00690.2009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","first-page":"1783","article-title":"The catecholamines strike back","volume":"73","author":"Joyner M.J.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Joyner M.J., , Casey D.P. 2009. The catecholamines strike back. What NO does not do. Circ. J., 73:1783\u20131792.","journal-title":"What NO does not do. Circ. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(03)00166-0","article-title":"Effects of low-power laser exposure on masseter muscle pain and microcirculation","volume":"105","author":"Tullberg M.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tullberg M., , Alstergren P.J., , Ernberg M.M. 2003. Effects of low-power laser exposure on masseter muscle pain and microcirculation. Pain, 105:89\u201396.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.21.4.580"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2005.23.289"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.2008.00362.x","article-title":"Efficacy of three different laser wavelengths for in vitro wound healing","volume":"24","author":"Evans D.H.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Evans D.H., , Abrahamse H. 2008. Efficacy of three different laser wavelengths for in vitro wound healing. Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed., 24:199\u2013210.","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.20516"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-009-1934-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf055","article-title":"Sensory determinants of thermal pain","volume":"125","author":"Defrin R.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Defrin R., , Ohry A., , Blumen N., , Urca G. 2002. Sensory determinants of thermal pain. Brain, 125:501\u2013510.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4861","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/49\/21\/002","article-title":"Comparison of human skin opto-thermal response to near-infrared and visible laser irradiations: a theoretical investigation","volume":"49","author":"Dai T.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dai T., , Pikkula B.M., , Wang L.V., , Anvari B. 2004. Comparison of human skin opto-thermal response to near-infrared and visible laser irradiations: a theoretical investigation. Phys. Med. Biol., 49:4861\u20134877.","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.20143"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-9514(14)60127-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2008.2246"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2008.00394.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.20148"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.20371","article-title":"Effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on the nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB signaling pathway in traumatized muscle","volume":"38","author":"Rizzi C.F.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rizzi C.F., , Mauriz J.L., , Freitas Correa D.S. et al. 2006. Effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on the nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB signaling pathway in traumatized muscle. Lasers Surg. Med., 38:704\u2013713.","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.20745","article-title":"In vivo effects of low level laser therapy on inducible nitric oxide synthase","volume":"41","author":"Moriyama Y.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moriyama Y., , Nguyen J., , Akens M., , Moriyama E.H., , Lilge L. 2009. In vivo effects of low level laser therapy on inducible nitric oxide synthase. Lasers Surg. Med., 41:227\u2013231.","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.10107"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2004.07.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0781.2003.00054.x"}],"container-title":["Photomedicine and Laser Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/pho.2010.2793","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/pho.2010.2793","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/pho.2010.2793","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T23:32:07Z","timestamp":1777678327000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1089\/pho.2010.2793"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/pho.2010.2793"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/pho.2010.2793","relation":{},"ISSN":["1549-5418","1557-8550"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1549-5418","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-8550","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]}}}