{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:10:19Z","timestamp":1787008219527,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]],"date-time":"2011-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1317427200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Photomedicine and Laser Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Objective:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    The purpose of this study was to show the efficiency and underlying mechanism of action of photodynamic therapy (PDT) using methylene blue (MB) and non-coherent light sources to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL).\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Background data:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    Systemic treatment can cause severe side effects, and PDT using porphyrin precursors as sensitizers has been used as an alternative to treat CL. MB has been used under illumination or in the dark to treat a wide range of medical conditions, and it exhibits antimicrobial activity against protozoa and viruses.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Methods:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    In\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    tests, the cell viability (via a MTT colorimetric assay) of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Leishmania amazonensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    parasites was evaluated as a function of MB concentration. In\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    experiments, we analyzed the treatment of two lesions from a patient with leishmaniasis. The patient received a low dose of pentavalent antimony (SbV), and one lesion was treated with PDT.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Results:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    We observed IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    decreases from 100 to 20\u2009\u03bcM in response to PDT when MB was used in different concentrations in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    tests. Use of SbV in combination with the PDT protocol produced faster wound recovery when compared with the use of SbV alone.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Conclusions:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    The\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    experiments and the results from the clinical case suggest that the inexpensive PDT protocol that is based on MB and RL50\u00ae may be used to treat CL caused by\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. amazonensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2010.2915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,14]],"date-time":"2011-06-14T14:14:10Z","timestamp":1308060850000},"page":"711-715","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Photodynamic Therapy Using Methylene Blue to Treat Cutaneous Leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Dennis","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Angelo Lauletta","family":"Lindoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S\u00e3o Paulo-Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"name":"Instituto de Infectologia Em\u00edlio Ribas-SES-SP","place":["Brazil"]},{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S\u00e3o Paulo","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiza Keiko","family":"Oyafuso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Infectologia Em\u00edlio Ribas-SES-SP","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edite Hatsumi Yamashiro","family":"Kanashiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S\u00e3o Paulo-Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Luiz","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Butant\u00e3","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adjaci F.","family":"Uchoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo","family":"Tardivo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauricio S.","family":"Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67629-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70209-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/156.1.73"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2003.09.008","article-title":"Leishmaniasis\u2014current chemotherapy and recent advances in the search for novel drugs","volume":"19","author":"Croft S.L.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Croft S.L., , Coombs G.H. 2003. 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