{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T17:12:05Z","timestamp":1792257125244,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]],"date-time":"2012-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325376000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Photomedicine and Laser Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"abstract":"\n \n Objective:<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:bold>\n The purpose of this study was to investigate whether grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) can provide photoprotection against ultraviolet (UV) irradiation.\n \n Background data:<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:bold>\n Study has shown that GSPE is a natural oxidant, and is used in many fields such as ischemia-reperfusion injury, chronic pancreatitis, and even cancer\n .<\/jats:bold>\n However, the effect of GSPE on UV irradiation is as yet unknown.\n \n Methods:<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:bold>\n Cutaneous areas on the backs of normal volunteers were untreated or treated with GSPE solutions or vehicles 30\u2009min before exposure to two minimal erythema doses (MED) of solar simulated radiation. Cutaneous areas at different sites were examined histologically for the number of sunburn cells, or immunohistochemically for Langerhans cells and mutant p53 epidermal cells.\n \n Results:<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:bold>\n On histological and immunohistochemical examination, skin treated with GSPE before UV radiation showed fewer sunburn cells and mutant p53-positive epidermal cells and more Langerhans cells compared with skin treated with 2-MED UV radiation only (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n <0.001,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n <0.001, and\n p<\/jats:italic>\n <0.01, respectively).\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:bold>\n GSPE may be a possible preventive agent for photoprotection.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2011.3043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,21]],"date-time":"2011-11-21T13:14:20Z","timestamp":1321881260000},"page":"20-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Topical Grape Seed Proanthocyandin Extract Reduces Sunburn Cells and Mutant p53 Positive Epidermal Cell Formation, and Prevents Depletion of Langerhans Cells in an Acute Sunburn Model"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Xiao-Ying","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"the General Hospital of the Air Force","place":["China"]},{"name":"No.1 Hospital of China Medical University","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"the General Hospital of the Air Force","place":["China"]},{"name":"No.1 Hospital of China Medical University","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian-Chun","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"the General Hospital of the Air Force","place":["China"]},{"name":"No.1 Hospital of China Medical University","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Jie","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"the General Hospital of the Air Force","place":["China"]},{"name":"No.1 Hospital of China Medical University","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan-Shuang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"the General Hospital of the Air Force","place":["China"]},{"name":"No.1 Hospital of China Medical University","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"25","article-title":"Cumulative effects of ultraviolet radiation on the skin: cancer and photoaging","volume":"9","author":"Young A.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Young A. 1990. Cumulative effects of ultraviolet radiation on the skin: cancer and photoaging. Semin. Dermatol., 9:25\u201331.","journal-title":"Semin. Dermatol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1600-0749.2003.00093.x","article-title":"Lightening effect on ultraviolet-induced pigmentation of guinea pig skin by oral administration of a proanthocyanidin-rich extract from grape seeds","volume":"16","author":"Yamakoshi J.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yamakoshi J., , Otsuka F., , Sano A. et al. 2003. Lightening effect on ultraviolet-induced pigmentation of guinea pig skin by oral administration of a proanthocyanidin-rich extract from grape seeds. Pigment Cell Res., 16:629\u2013638.","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1997.tb03204.x","article-title":"Cysteine derivatives protect against UV-induced reactive intermediates in human keratinocytes: the role of glutathione synthesis","volume":"66","author":"Steenvoorden D.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Steenvoorden D., , Beijersbergen van Henegouwen G. 1997. Cysteine derivatives protect against UV-induced reactive intermediates in human keratinocytes: the role of glutathione synthesis. Photochem. Photobiol., 66:665\u2013671.","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"179","article-title":"Oxygen free radical scavenging abilities of vitamins C and E, and a grape seed proanthocyanidin extract in vitro","volume":"95","author":"Bagchi D.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bagchi D., , Garg A., , Krohn R., , Bagchi M., , Tran M., , Stohs S. 1997. Oxygen free radical scavenging abilities of vitamins C and E, and a grape seed proanthocyanidin extract in vitro. Res. Commun. Mol. Pathol. Pharmacol., 95:179\u2013189.","journal-title":"Res. Commun. Mol. Pathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-3623(97)00332-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/75.5.894"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1159\/000051890","article-title":"Beneficial effects of a novel IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract in the treatment of chronic pancreatitis","volume":"63","author":"Banerjee B.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Banerjee B., , Bagchi D. 2001. Beneficial effects of a novel IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract in the treatment of chronic pancreatitis. Digestion, 63:203\u2013206.","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-08-1901","article-title":"Grape seed proanthocyanidins inhibit the growth of human non-small cell lung cancer xenografts by targeting insulin\u2013like growth factor binding protein-3, tumor cell proliferation, and angiogenic factors","volume":"15","author":"Akhtar S.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Akhtar S., , Meeran S., , Katiyar N., , Katiyar S. 2009. Grape seed proanthocyanidins inhibit the growth of human non-small cell lung cancer xenografts by targeting insulin\u2013like growth factor binding protein-3, tumor cell proliferation, and angiogenic factors. Clin. Cancer Res., 15:821\u2013831.","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006926414683"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.1961.131"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","first-page":"127","article-title":"The sunburn cell","volume":"4","author":"Young A.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Young A. 1987. The sunburn cell. Photodermatol., 4:127\u2013134.","journal-title":"Photodermatol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.2006.00225.x","article-title":"Skin phototyping in a Chinese female population: analysis of four hundred and four cases from four major cities of China","volume":"22","author":"Liu W.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Liu W., , Lai W., , Wang X. et al. 2006. Skin phototyping in a Chinese female population: analysis of four hundred and four cases from four major cities of China. Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed., 22:184\u2013188.","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2001.112919"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2004.22622.x","article-title":"Green tea polyphenols prevent ultraviolet light-induced oxidative damage and matrix metalloproteinases expression in mouse skin","volume":"122","author":"Vayalil P.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Vayalil P., , Mittal A., , Hara Y., , Elmets C., , Katiyar S. 2004. Green tea polyphenols prevent ultraviolet light-induced oxidative damage and matrix metalloproteinases expression in mouse skin. J. Invest. Dermatol., 122:1480\u20131487.","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(93)90214-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","first-page":"4855","article-title":"Mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene: clues to cancer etiology and molecular pathogenesis","volume":"54","author":"Greenblatt M.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Greenblatt M., , Bennett W., , Hollstein M., , Harris C. 1994. Mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene: clues to cancer etiology and molecular pathogenesis. Cancer Res., 54:4855\u20134478.","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1991.01680010109019","article-title":"In vivo ultraviolet irradiation of human skin results in profound perturbation of the immune system. Relevance to ultraviolet-induced skin cancer","volume":"127","author":"Baadsgaard O.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Baadsgaard O. 1991. In vivo ultraviolet irradiation of human skin results in profound perturbation of the immune system. Relevance to ultraviolet-induced skin cancer. Arch. Dermatol., 127:99\u2013109.","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3783","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.8.3783","article-title":"A cytokine cascade including prostaglandin E2, IL-4, and IL-10 is responsible for UV-induced systemic immune suppression","volume":"160","author":"Shreedhar V.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Shreedhar V., , Giese T., , Sung V.W., , Ullrich S.E. 1998. A cytokine cascade including prostaglandin E2, IL-4, and IL-10 is responsible for UV-induced systemic immune suppression. J. Immunol., 160:3783\u20133789.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.143.6.1737","article-title":"Regulation of murine lymphokine production in vivo. Ultraviolet radiation exposure depresses IL-2 and enhances IL-4 production by T cells through an IL-1-dependent mechanism","volume":"143","author":"Araneo B.A.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Araneo B.A., , Dowell T., , Moon H.B., , Daynes R.A. 1989. Regulation of murine lymphokine production in vivo. Ultraviolet radiation exposure depresses IL-2 and enhances IL-4 production by T cells through an IL-1-dependent mechanism. J. Immunol., 143:1737\u20131744.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2009.01.013","article-title":"UV irradiation after immunization induces type 1 regulatory T cells that suppress Th2-type immune responses via secretion of IL-10","volume":"215","author":"Wang L.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wang L., , Saito K., , Toda M. et al. 2010. UV irradiation after immunization induces type 1 regulatory T cells that suppress Th2-type immune responses via secretion of IL-10. Immunobiology, 215:124\u2013132.","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","first-page":"470","article-title":"Grape seed extract activates Th1 cells in vitro","volume":"9","author":"Nair N.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nair N., , Mahajan S., , Chawda R., , Kandaswami C., , Shanahan T.C., , Schwartz S.A. 2002. Grape seed extract activates Th1 cells in vitro. Clin. Diagn. Lab Immunol., 9:470\u2013476.","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Lab Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgi169","article-title":"Dietary grape-seed proanthocyanidin inhibition of ultraviolet B-induced immune suppression is associated with induction of IL-12","volume":"27","author":"Sharma S.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sharma S., , Katiyar S. 2006. Dietary grape-seed proanthocyanidin inhibition of ultraviolet B-induced immune suppression is associated with induction of IL-12. Carcinogenesis, 27:95\u2013102.","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2007.01.095","article-title":"Magnolia ovovata extract and its active component magnolol prevent skin photoaging via inhibition of nuclear factor kappaB","volume":"565","author":"Tanaka K.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tanaka K., , Hasegawa J., , Asamitsu K., , Okamoto T. 2007. Magnolia ovovata extract and its active component magnolol prevent skin photoaging via inhibition of nuclear factor kappaB. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 565:212\u2013219.","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."}],"container-title":["Photomedicine and Laser Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/pho.2011.3043","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/pho.2011.3043","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/pho.2011.3043","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T23:33:36Z","timestamp":1777678416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1089\/pho.2011.3043"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/pho.2011.3043"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/pho.2011.3043","relation":{},"ISSN":["1549-5418","1557-8550"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1549-5418","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-8550","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]}}}