{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T04:47:16Z","timestamp":1791434836279,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,1]],"date-time":"2012-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1330560000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Photomedicine and Laser Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Objective:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on visual acuity in adolescent and adult patients with amblyopia.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Background data:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    Currently, amblyopia can be treated successfully only in children.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Methods:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    In this single-blinded, placebo-controlled study, 178 patients (mean age 46.8 years) with amblyopia caused by ametropia (110 eyes) or strabismus (121 eyes) were included. For LLLT, the area of the macula was irradiated through the conjunctiva from 1\u2009cm distance for 30\u2009sec with laser light (780\u2009nm, 292\u2009Hz, 1:1 duty cycle; average power 7.5\u2009mW; spot area 3\u2009mm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). The treatment was repeated on average 3.5 times, resulting in a mean total dose of 0.77\u2009J\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    . No occlusion was applied, and no additional medication was administered. Best corrected distant visual acuity was determined using Snellen projection optotypes. In 12 patients (12 eyes), the multifocal visual evoked potential (M-VEP) was recorded. A control group of 20 patients (20 eyes) received mock treatment.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Results:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    Visual acuity improved in \u223c90% of the eyes treated with LLLT (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;0.001), increasing by three or more lines in 56.2% and 53.6% of the eyes with amblyopia caused by ametropia and strabismus, respectively. The treatment effect was maintained for at least 6 months. The mean M-VEP amplitude increased by 1207\u2009nV (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;0.001) and mean latency was reduced by 7\u2009msec (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0.14). No changes were noted in the control group.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Conclusions:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    LLLT led to a significant improvement in visual acuity in adolescent and adult patients with amblyopia caused by ametropia or strabismus.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2011.3089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,11]],"date-time":"2012-01-11T13:09:13Z","timestamp":1326287353000},"page":"167-171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Low-Level Laser Therapy Improves Visual Acuity in Adolescent and Adult Patients with Amblyopia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Boris T.","family":"Ivandic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Heidelberg","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomislav","family":"Ivandic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Center","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"421","volume-title":"Ocular Motility and Strabismus","author":"Duke-Elder S.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Duke-Elder S., , Wybar K. 1973. System of Ophthalmology. VI Ocular Motility and Strabismus. Kimpton H. St. Louis: Mosby, 421\u2013487."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(13)32170-8","article-title":"The sensitive period for strabismic amblyopia in humans","volume":"100","author":"Epelbaum M.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Epelbaum M., , Milleret C., , Buisseret P., , Dufier J.L. 1993. The sensitive period for strabismic amblyopia in humans. Ophthalmology, 100:323\u2013327.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.81.1.54","article-title":"Atropine penalization versus occlusion as the primary treatment for amblyopia","volume":"81","author":"Foley-Nolan A.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Foley-Nolan A., , McCann A., , O'Keefe M. 1997. Atropine penalization versus occlusion as the primary treatment for amblyopia. Br. J. Ophthalmol., 81:54\u201360.","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199210000-00001","article-title":"Efficacy and stability of amblyopia therapy","volume":"69","author":"Rutstein R.P.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Rutstein R.P., , Fuhr PS. 1992. Efficacy and stability of amblyopia therapy. Optom. Vis. Sci., 69:747\u2013754.","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"1493","article-title":"Improvement in vernier acuity in adults with amblyopia","volume":"38","author":"Levi D.M.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Levi D.M., , Polat U., , Hu Y.S. 1997. Improvement in vernier acuity in adults with amblyopia. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 38:1493\u20131510.","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2007.2132","article-title":"Low-level laser therapy improves vision in patients with age-related macular degeneration","volume":"3","author":"Ivandic B.T.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ivandic B.T., , Ivandic T. 2008. Low-level laser therapy improves vision in patients with age-related macular degeneration. Photomed. Laser Surg., 3:241\u2013245.","journal-title":"Photomed. Laser Surg."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02032427","article-title":"Low level laser therapy: a review","volume":"4","author":"King P.R.","year":"1989","unstructured":"King P.R. 1989. Low level laser therapy: a review. Lasers Med. Sci., 4:141\u2013150.","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1109\/JQE.1987.1073236","article-title":"Photobiological fundamentals of low-power laser therapy","volume":"10","author":"Karu T.I.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Karu T.I. 1987. Photobiological fundamentals of low-power laser therapy. IEEE J. Quantum Electron., 10:1703\u20131717.","journal-title":"IEEE J. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican1289-76","article-title":"Synapse formation in the developing brain","volume":"261","author":"Kalil R.E.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kalil R.E. 1998. Synapse formation in the developing brain. Sci. Am., 261:76\u201379.","journal-title":"Sci. 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