{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T15:00:29Z","timestamp":1783436429994,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,1]],"date-time":"2012-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1333238400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Photomedicine and Laser Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Objective:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    We aimed at quantifying the presence of periodontopathogens in gingival biopsies from periodontitis patients treated with different photoablative lasers (diode GaAs, Er:YAG, Nd:YAG, and CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    lasers) and histologically analyzing their effects on the gingiva.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Background data:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    Substantial evidence indicates that intracellular location of periodontal bacteria in the gingival epithelium may contribute to chronic periodontitis.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Methods:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    Sixteen adult subjects with chronic periodontitis were subjected to conventional scaling\/root planing and topical chlorhexidine, and immediately laser-irradiated on the inner and outer free gingiva. Small gingival biopsies were subjected to real-time polymerase chain reaction and cytofluorescence to identify periodontopathogens; tissue damage and endothelial ICAM-1 expression were assessed by histological and immunofluorescence analyses.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Results:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    High DNA levels of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Treponema denticola, Prevotella intermedia,<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Ekenella corrodens<\/jats:italic>\n                    , were detected in all samples. Nd:YAG and diode lasers were capable of eradicating periodontopathogenic bacteria endowed within gingival epithelial cells outside periodontal pockets, without causing connective tissue damage and microvessel rupture. They also reduced ICAM-1 immunolabelling by the vascular endothelium. Conversely, Er:YAG lasers induced marked microvessel rupture and bleeding and failed to completely and selectively ablate the infected gingival epithelium, whereas CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    laser caused heat-induced coagulation of the lamina propria.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Conclusions:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    This study indicates that periodontopathogens can persist within cells outside the pocket epithelium, despite conventional periodontal treatment. Nd:YAG and diode lasers are able to eradicate intra- and extracellular bacteria from these sites, suggesting that they can be considered suitable devices to improve the clinical outcome of periodontal disease.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2011.3172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,8]],"date-time":"2012-03-08T09:17:06Z","timestamp":1331198226000},"page":"222-230","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Comparative Evaluation of the Effects of Different Photoablative Laser Irradiation Protocols on the Gingiva of Periodontopathic Patients"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Marco","family":"Giannelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Odontostomatologic Laser Therapy Center","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Bani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florence","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Viti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florence","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Tani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florence","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Lorenzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Odontostomatologic Laser Therapy Center","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Zecchi-Orlandini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florence","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Formigli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florence","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.1995.tb00035.x","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of periodontal diseases","volume":"7","author":"Armitage G.C.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Armitage G.C. 1995. 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