{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T22:47:31Z","timestamp":1789512451058,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]],"date-time":"2012-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1343779200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Photomedicine and Laser Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Objective:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been used to combat local infections, and it consists of the combination of a photosensitizer, a light source, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) to kill microbial cells. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of aPDT in the treatment of candidiasis in HIV-infected patients.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Methods:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    Twenty-one patients were divided into three groups. Control group (CG) was treated with the conventional medication for candidiasis (fluconazole 100\u2009mg\/day during 14 days). Laser group (LG) was subjected to low-level laser therapy (LLLT), wavelength 660\u2009nm, power of 30\u2009mW, and fluence of 7.5\u2009J\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    , in contact with mucosa during 10\u2009sec on the affected point. An aPDT group (aPDTG) was treated with aPDT, that is, combination of a low-power laser and methylene blue 450\u2009\u03bcg\/mL. Pre-irradiation time was 1\u2009min. Parameters of irradiation were the same ones as for the LG, and patients were single irradiated. Patients were clinically evaluated and culture analysis was performed before, immediately after, and 7, 15, and 30 days after the treatment.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Results:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    Our results showed that fluconazole was effective; however, it did not prevent the return of the candidiasis in short-term. LLLT\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">per se<\/jats:italic>\n                    did not show any reduction on\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Candida spp<\/jats:italic>\n                    . aPDT eradicated 100% of the colonies of this fungus and the patients did not show recurrence of candidiasis up to 30 days after the irradiation.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Conclusions:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    These findings suggest that aPDT is a potential approach to oral candidiasis treatment in HIV-infected patients.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2012.3225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,27]],"date-time":"2012-06-27T02:20:44Z","timestamp":1340763644000},"page":"429-432","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy in the Treatment of Oral Candidiasis in HIV-Infected Patients"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Agnes Roberta","family":"Scwingel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IPEN-CNEN\/SP","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Rita Pinheiro","family":"Barcessat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dentistry School of University of S\u00e3o Paulo","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia Cristina","family":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INPES-CETAO","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha Sim\u00f5es","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPEN-CNEN\/SP","place":["Brazil"]},{"name":"IPEN-CNEN\/SP","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.2174\/157016208786501445","article-title":"Oral candidiasis in HIV-infected patients","volume":"6","author":"Egusa H.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Egusa H., , Soysa N.S., , Ellepola A.N., , Yatani H., , Samaranayake L.P. 2008. Oral candidiasis in HIV-infected patients. Curr. HIV Res., 6:485\u2013499.","journal-title":"Curr. HIV Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1067\/moe.2000.108799","article-title":"Sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of oral opportunistic infection in adults with HIV\/AIDS as markers of immune suppression and viral burden","volume":"90","author":"Patton L.L.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Patton L.L. 2000. Sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of oral opportunistic infection in adults with HIV\/AIDS as markers of immune suppression and viral burden. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol., 90:182\u2013188.","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","article-title":"Antifungal resistance and new strategies to control fungal infections","volume":"713687","author":"Vandeputte P.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vandeputte P., , Ferrari S., , Coste A.T. 2012. Antifungal resistance and new strategies to control fungal infections. Int. J. Microbiol., 713687Epub 2011 Dec 1.","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"379","article-title":"Oral candidosis: characterization of a sample of recurrent infections and study of resistance determinants","volume":"34","author":"Gall\u00e8 F.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gall\u00e8 F., , Sanguinetti M., , Colella G., , Di Onofrio V., , Torelli R., , Rossano F., , Liguori G. 2011. Oral candidosis: characterization of a sample of recurrent infections and study of resistance determinants. New Microbiol., 34:379\u2013389.","journal-title":"New Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funbio.2011.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2010.03.001","article-title":"Photodynamic inactivation of normal and antifungal resistant Candida species","volume":"7","author":"Mang T.S.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mang T.S., , Mikulski L., , Hall R.E. 2010. Photodynamic inactivation of normal and antifungal resistant Candida species. Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther., 7:98\u2013105.","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.2004.00095.x","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy of interdigital mycoses of the feet with topical application of 5-aminolevulinic acid","volume":"20","author":"Calzavara\u2013Pinton P.G.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Calzavara\u2013Pinton P.G., , Venturini M., , Capezzera R., , Sala R., , Zane C. 2004. Photodynamic therapy of interdigital mycoses of the feet with topical application of 5-aminolevulinic acid. Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed., 20:144\u2013147.","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. 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