{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T20:18:49Z","timestamp":1792095529975,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,1]],"date-time":"2016-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470009600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Photomedicine and Laser Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Objective:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    The aim of this study was to assess the effects of laser irradiation with a novel snoring handpiece on the histological structures of the soft palate in a rat model.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Background:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    Snoring is a common problem and studies have shown that 20\u201350% of the population is affected. An apnea\u2013hypopnea index of &lt;5\/h without daytime somnolence is documented as simple snoring. No snoring treatment should ever be attempted until a sleep study has been completed to rule out sleep apnea.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Methods:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    Twenty adult Wistar rats, weighing 200\u2013250\u2009g, were used in this study. Rats were randomized into two groups: experimental group (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200910) and control group (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200910). Laser energy was delivered in a horizontal direction to the surface of the soft palate of each rat in the experimental group for 2\u2009min with an Er:YAG laser (LightWalker AT; Fotona) with snoring handpiece (PS04) in a noncontact mode (1.15\u2009W, 2\u2009Hz, 1.5\u2009J\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). The animals were sacrificed after 24\u2009h, 1 week, 3 weeks, or 5 weeks. The soft palate of each rat was removed by excisional biopsy. The specimens underwent histological examination. Contractions and fibrosis were reported as grading from 1+ to 3+, while edema and hyperemia were evaluated according to the absence (0) or presence (1) of any changes. Statistical analysis was done with the Mann\u2013Whitney\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">U<\/jats:italic>\n                    and Spearman's rho tests.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Result:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    A noticeable contraction of the soft palate occurred immediately after laser application. Inflammatory changes were observed histologically at 3 weeks postoperatively. Keratinization appeared after the procedure in both groups and decreased gradually. Statistically, there was a strong correlation among inflammation and time and also keratinization and time (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05).\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Conclusions:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    The present study indicates that Er:YAG laser irradiation with snoring handpiece (PS04) causes acute shrinkage of the mucosa. This contraction decreases gradually but is still present at the end of fifth week.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2015.4044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,20]],"date-time":"2016-05-20T02:55:42Z","timestamp":1463712942000},"page":"321-325","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Histological Effects of Er:YAG Laser Irradiation with Snoring Handpiece in the Rat Soft Palate"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Tugba","family":"Unver","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bezmialem Vakif University","place":["Turkey"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emre","family":"Aytugar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bezmialem Vakif University","place":["Turkey"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orhan","family":"Ozturan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bezmialem Vakif University","place":["Turkey"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tug\u00e7e","family":"K\u0131ran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bezmialem Vakif University","place":["Turkey"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebru","family":"Ademci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bezmialem Vakif University","place":["Turkey"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aslihan","family":"Usumez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bezmialem Vakif University","place":["Turkey"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-013-0864-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"421","article-title":"Snoring and the obstructive apnea syndrome","volume":"35","author":"Lugaresi E","year":"1982","unstructured":"Lugaresi E, , Cirignotta F, , Coccagna G, , Baruzzi A. Snoring and the obstructive apnea syndrome. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl, 1982; 35:421\u2013430.","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.10006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.22510"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-015-3617-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-015-1388-2","article-title":"Nasal pressure recordings for automatic snoring detection","volume":"53","author":"Lee HK","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee HK, , Kim H, , Lee KJ. Nasal pressure recordings for automatic snoring detection. Med Biol Eng Comput, 2015; 53:1103\u20131111.","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"530","article-title":"Radiofrequency uvuloplasty for primary snoring","volume":"51","author":"Ardestani SHS","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ardestani SHS, , Dadgarnia MH, , Baradaranfar MH, et al. Radiofrequency uvuloplasty for primary snoring. Acta Med Iran, 2013; 51:530\u2013536.","journal-title":"Acta Med Iran"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019459988108900609"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","first-page":"179","article-title":"Comparison of two techniques in simple snoring and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients: palatal implant or uvulopalatal flap","volume":"11","author":"Haytoglu S","year":"2014","unstructured":"Haytoglu S, , Kayabasoglu G, , Sezen OS. Comparison of two techniques in simple snoring and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients: palatal implant or uvulopalatal flap. Eur J Gen Med, 2014; 11:179\u2013186.","journal-title":"Eur J Gen Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.23800"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2006.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"13","article-title":"Er:YAG laser treatment of sleep-disordered breathing","volume":"2","author":"Svahnstr\u00f6m K","year":"2013","unstructured":"Svahnstr\u00f6m K. Er:YAG laser treatment of sleep-disordered breathing. J Laser Health Acad, 2013; 2:13\u201316.","journal-title":"J Laser Health Acad"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/S1579-2129(09)73403-2","article-title":"Treatment of patients with simple snoring [in Spanish]","volume":"45","author":"Fiz JA","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fiz JA, , Prat JM, , Jan\u00e9 R. Treatment of patients with simple snoring [in Spanish]. Arch Bronconeumol, 2009; 45:508\u2013515.","journal-title":"Arch Bronconeumol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1159\/000439597","article-title":"Investigation of the source of snoring sound by drug-induced sleep nasendoscopy","volume":"77","author":"Xu HJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Xu HJ, , Jia RF, , Yu H, et al. Investigation of the source of snoring sound by drug-induced sleep nasendoscopy. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec, 2015; 77:359\u2013365.","journal-title":"ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-008-0709-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-009-0979-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","first-page":"9","article-title":"NightLase\u2122\u2013a new laser treatment method for the reduction of snoring and sleep apnea\u2013a pilot study","volume":"1","author":"Dovsak D","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dovsak D, , Gabrijelcic J, , Vizintin Z. NightLase\u2122\u2013a new laser treatment method for the reduction of snoring and sleep apnea\u2013a pilot study. J Laser Health Acad, 2011; 1:9\u201310.","journal-title":"J Laser Health Acad"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-014-3473-9"}],"container-title":["Photomedicine and Laser Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/pho.2015.4044","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/pho.2015.4044","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/pho.2015.4044","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T23:40:29Z","timestamp":1777678829000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1089\/pho.2015.4044"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/pho.2015.4044"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/pho.2015.4044","relation":{},"ISSN":["1549-5418","1557-8550"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1549-5418","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-8550","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]}}}