{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T03:55:34Z","timestamp":1782100534706,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,30]],"date-time":"2016-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483056000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Photomedicine and Laser Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Objective:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    The aim of this study was to investigate the photobiomodulation (PBM) effect of the 808\u2009nm diode laser irradiation on spermatozoa, eggs, fertilized eggs, embryos, and larvae of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Paracentrotus lividus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , using two different power settings.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Background data:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    Studies have shown the possible use of PBM in artificial insemination. These have shown the potential effect of low-power laser irradiation on spermatozoa, while there are few studies on the effect of laser photonic energy on oocytes and almost no reports on the influence of lasers in embryogenesis.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Methods:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. lividus<\/jats:italic>\n                    gametes, zygotes, embryos, and larvae were irradiated using the 808\u2009nm diode laser (fluence 64\u2009J\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    using 1 W or 192\u2009J\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    with 3 W) with a flat-top hand-piece delivery, compared to a control without laser irradiation (0\u2009J\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u20130 W). The fertilization rate and the early developmental stages were investigated.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Results:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    The fertilization ability was not affected by the sperm\/egg irradiation. At the gastrula stage, no significant differences were observed compared with the control samples. In the late pluteus stage, there were no differences in the developmental percentage observed between the control and the treated samples (1 W), with the exception of larvae from gastrulae and larvae, which were irradiated at 3 W.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Conclusions:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    This study has demonstrated that both the 64\u2009J\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u20131 W and the 192\u2009J\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u20133 W do not induce morphological damage on the irradiated\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. lividus<\/jats:italic>\n                    gametes whose zygotes generate normal embryos and larvae. Our data therefore support the assumption to use higher fluence in preliminary studies on\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    fertilization.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2016.4136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,5]],"date-time":"2017-01-05T17:38:48Z","timestamp":1483637928000},"page":"127-135","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The Effect of Photobiomodulation on the Sea Urchin\n                    <i>Paracentrotus lividus<\/i>\n                    (Echinodermata) Using Higher-Fluence on Fertilization, Embryogenesis, and Larval Development: An\n                    <i>In Vitro<\/i>\n                    Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Amaroli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Genoa","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"University of Genoa","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Gambardella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Sciences","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Ferrando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Genoa","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reem","family":"Hanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Genoa","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Dental Institute","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberico","family":"Benedicenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Genoa","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Gallus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Genoa","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Faimali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Sciences","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Benedicenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Genoa","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Practical applications of low level laser therapy","volume":"6","author":"Kneeboney WJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kneeboney WJ. 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