{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T21:19:43Z","timestamp":1777929583652,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]],"date-time":"2017-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504224000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Photomedicine and Laser Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Background and objectives:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    Although laser lithotripsy for fragmentation of gallbladder stones has been applied successfully in many clinical situations, this approach has two major limitations: (1) the potential to damage or perforate the bile duct and (2) the efficiency can be affected by the chemical composition of the gallstones. The present study evaluated the use of time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy to classify stone types and distinguish stone from tissue.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Materials and methods:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence analysis (excitation wavelength \u03bb\n                    <jats:sub>ex<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u2009400\u2009nm and emission wavelength\u2009=\u2009450\u2013700\u2009nm) of 54 gallbladder stones and seven gallbladder tissue samples was conducted. The spectral and temporal parameters were analyzed using linear discrimination analysis (LDA) to differentiate stone from tissue and to classify different stone types using two wavelength regions (\u03bb\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u2009510\u2013530\u2009nm and \u03bb\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u2009550\u2013570\u2009nm).\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Results:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    Examination of 54 gallbladder stones and seven gallbladder tissue samples showed a significant difference in spectral- and temporal-derived parameters. The data were classified using LDA, and the overall accuracy was 94.88%, 84.39%, and 85.79% for both spectral and temporal parameters, only spectral parameters, and only temporal parameters, respectively.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Conclusions:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    Our findings establish the feasibility of using time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy as a tool to identify gallbladder stone types and as a stone-tissue detection system to improve the effectiveness of laser lithotripsy procedures and reduce the risk of damaging biliary tract tissues.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2017.4271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,20]],"date-time":"2017-07-20T17:14:18Z","timestamp":1500570858000},"page":"498-504","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Time-Resolved Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy as a Guidance Tool for Laser Lithotripsy of Gallbladder Stones"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Ali","family":"Shuaib","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kuwait University","place":["Kuwait"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jahja","family":"Kokaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kuwait University","place":["Kuwait"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yacoub","family":"Makdisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kuwait University","place":["Kuwait"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Goran","family":"Pichler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kuwait University","place":["Kuwait"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Husain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mubarak Al-Kabeer Hospital","place":["Kuwait"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sami","family":"Asfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mubarak Al-Kabeer Hospital","place":["Kuwait"]},{"name":"Kuwait University","place":["Kuwait"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1040675","article-title":"Epidemiology and natural history of gallstones","volume":"3","author":"Kern F","year":"1983","unstructured":"Kern F. Epidemiology and natural history of gallstones. Semin Liver Dis, 1983; 3:87\u201396.","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giec.2012.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800670102","article-title":"Non-operative removal of bile duct stones by duodenoscopic sphincterotomy","volume":"67","author":"Cotton PB","year":"1980","unstructured":"Cotton PB. Non-operative removal of bile duct stones by duodenoscopic sphincterotomy. Br J Surg, 1980; 67:1\u20135.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1010293"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mge.2001.110454"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(00)70285-9","article-title":"Grading ERCPs by degree of difficulty: a new concept to produce more meaningful outcome data","volume":"51","author":"Schutz SM","unstructured":"Schutz SM, , Abbott RM. Grading ERCPs by degree of difficulty: a new concept to produce more meaningful outcome data. Gastrointest Endosc 200;51:535\u2013539.","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.34.12.1718","article-title":"Endoscopic extraction of bile duct stones: management related to stone size","volume":"34","author":"Lauri A","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lauri A, , Horton RC, , Davidson BR, , Burroughs AK, , Dooley JS. Endoscopic extraction of bile duct stones: management related to stone size. Gut, 1993; 34:1718\u20131721.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(96)70227-4","article-title":"Management of retained bile duct stones: a prospective open trial comparing extracorporeal and intracorporeal lithotripsy","volume":"44","author":"Adamek HE","year":"1996","unstructured":"Adamek HE, , Maier M, , Jakobs R, , Wessbecher FR, , Neuhauser T, , Riemann JF. Management of retained bile duct stones: a prospective open trial comparing extracorporeal and intracorporeal lithotripsy. Gastrointest Endosc, 1996; 44:40\u201347.","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.40.5.678","article-title":"Fluoroscopically guided laser lithotripsy versus extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for retained bile duct stones: a prospective randomized study","volume":"40","author":"Jakobs R","year":"1997","unstructured":"Jakobs R, , Adamek HE, , Maier M, et al. Fluoroscopically guided laser lithotripsy versus extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for retained bile duct stones: a prospective randomized study. Gut, 1997; 40:678\u2013682.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(98)70214-7","article-title":"Randomized study of intracorporeal laser lithotripsy versus extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for difficult bile duct stones","volume":"47","author":"Neuhaus H","year":"1998","unstructured":"Neuhaus H, , Zillinger C, , Born P, et al. Randomized study of intracorporeal laser lithotripsy versus extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for difficult bile duct stones. Gastrointest Endosc, 1998; 47:327\u2013334.","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2009.05919.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-198906000-00012","article-title":"Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy of bile duct calculi: an interim report of the Dornier U.S. Bile Duct Lithotripsy Prospective Study","volume":"209","author":"Bland KI","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bland KI, , Jones RS, , Maher JW, et al. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy of bile duct calculi: an interim report of the Dornier U.S. Bile Duct Lithotripsy Prospective Study. Ann Surg, 1989; 209:743\u2013755.","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.29.6.746","article-title":"Laser lithotripsy of common bile duct stones","volume":"29","author":"Ell C","year":"1988","unstructured":"Ell C, , Lux G, , Hochberger J, , M\u00fcller D, , Demling L. Laser lithotripsy of common bile duct stones. Gut, 1988; 29:746\u2013751.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(94)70058-3","article-title":"Laser lithotripsy of difficult biliary stones","volume":"40","author":"Prat F","year":"1994","unstructured":"Prat F, , Fritsch J, , Choury A, , Frouge C, , Marteau V, , Etienne JP. Laser lithotripsy of difficult biliary stones. Gastrointest Endosc, 1994; 40:290\u2013295.","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.32.000586"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074887","article-title":"The systematic classification of gallbladder stones","volume":"8","author":"Qiao T","year":"2013","unstructured":"Qiao T, , Ma R, , Luo X, , Yang L, , Luo Z, , Zheng P. The systematic classification of gallbladder stones. PLoS One, 2013; 8:e74887.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1109\/10.42115","article-title":"XeCl laser in biliary calculus fragmentation: fluence threshold and ablation products","volume":"36","author":"Wrobel R","year":"1989","unstructured":"Wrobel R, , Bernage P, , Niay P, et al. XeCl laser in biliary calculus fragmentation: fluence threshold and ablation products. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 1989; 36:1202\u20131209.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","first-page":"497","article-title":"High-speed imaging and optical correlation for laser-induced shock wave lithotripsy","volume":"110","author":"Kokaj J","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kokaj J, , Makdisi Y, , Marafi M, , Bhatia K. High-speed imaging and optical correlation for laser-induced shock wave lithotripsy. Optik, 1999; 110:497\u2013504.","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","first-page":"151","article-title":"Study of the mechanism of laser-based lithotripsy using optical techniques","volume":"12","author":"Kokaj J","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kokaj J, , Marafi M, , Mathews J. Study of the mechanism of laser-based lithotripsy using optical techniques. Fizika A, 2003; 12:151\u2013160.","journal-title":"Fizika A"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2003.12.012","article-title":"Imaging and correlation used for laser-guided lithotripsy","volume":"36","author":"Kokaj J","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kokaj J, , Mathews J. Imaging and correlation used for laser-guided lithotripsy. Opt Laser Technol, 2004; 36:441\u2013448.","journal-title":"Opt Laser Technol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2006.03.014","article-title":"Laser spectroscopy and imaging of gallbladder stones, tissue and bile","volume":"45","author":"Marafi M","year":"2007","unstructured":"Marafi M, , Kokaj J, , Bhatia K, , Makdisi Y, , Mathew J. Laser spectroscopy and imaging of gallbladder stones, tissue and bile. Opt Lasers Eng, 2007; 45:191\u2013197.","journal-title":"Opt Lasers Eng"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2008.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00329112","article-title":"Identification of cholesterol gallstones using in vitro low-fluence laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopic analysis","volume":"51","author":"Wrobel R","year":"1990","unstructured":"Wrobel R, , Niay P, , Bernage P, , Blondeau JM, , Ledee JJ, , Brunetaud JM. Identification of cholesterol gallstones using in vitro low-fluence laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopic analysis. Appl Phys B, 1990; 51:458\u2013464.","journal-title":"Appl Phys B"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3088100","article-title":"In vivo time-resolved spectroscopy of the human bronchial early cancer auto-fluorescence","volume":"14","author":"Uehlinger P","year":"2009","unstructured":"Uehlinger P, , Gabrecht T, , Glanzmann T, et al. In vivo time-resolved spectroscopy of the human bronchial early cancer auto-fluorescence. J Biomed Opt, 2009; 14:024011\u2013024019.","journal-title":"J Biomed Opt"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.200710022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.22276"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.22418","article-title":"Stone\/tissue differentiation for holmium laser lithotripsy using auto-fluorescence","volume":"47","author":"Lange B","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lange B, , Cordes J, , Brinkmann R. Stone\/tissue differentiation for holmium laser lithotripsy using auto-fluorescence. Laser Surg Med, 2015; 47:737\u2013744.","journal-title":"Laser Surg Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","unstructured":"Marcu L French P Elson D. Fluorescence Lifetime Spectroscopy and Imagining: Principle and Applications in Biomedical Diagnostics. Boca Raton: Taylor and Francis 2015."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cr900343z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2818785","article-title":"A hyperspectral fluorescence lifetime probe for skin cancer diagnosis","volume":"78","author":"De Beule PA","year":"2007","unstructured":"De Beule PA, , Dunsby C, , Galletly NP, et al. A hyperspectral fluorescence lifetime probe for skin cancer diagnosis. Rev Sci Instrum, 2007; 78; 123101.","journal-title":"Rev Sci Instrum"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3327279","article-title":"Fluorescence lifetime in cardiovascular diagnostics","volume":"15","author":"Marcu L","year":"2010","unstructured":"Marcu L. Fluorescence lifetime in cardiovascular diagnostics. J Biomed Opt, 2010; 15:011106.","journal-title":"J Biomed Opt"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2302\/kjm.41.1","article-title":"The formation of gallstones","volume":"41","author":"Bouchier I","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bouchier I. The formation of gallstones. Keio J Med, 1992; 41:1\u20135.","journal-title":"Keio J Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.88.353","article-title":"On infrared absorption spectra of bilirubin and calcium bilirubinate","volume":"88","author":"Suzuki N","year":"1966","unstructured":"Suzuki N, , Toyoda M. On infrared absorption spectra of bilirubin and calcium bilirubinate. Tohoku J Exp Med, 1966; 88:353\u2013360.","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1011-1344(90)85015-O"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2995","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.42.002995","article-title":"Studying biological tissue with fluorescence lifetime imaging: microscopy, endoscopy, and complex decay profiles","volume":"42","author":"Siegel S","year":"2003","unstructured":"Siegel S, , Elson D, , Webb S, et al. Studying biological tissue with fluorescence lifetime imaging: microscopy, endoscopy, and complex decay profiles. Appl Opt, 2003; 42:2995\u20133004.","journal-title":"Appl Opt"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-679X(06)81024-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2003.44.4.561","article-title":"Classification and nomenclature of gallstones revisited","volume":"44","author":"Kim IS","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kim IS, , Myung SJ, , Lee SS, , Kim MH. Classification and nomenclature of gallstones revisited. Younsie Med J, 2003; 44:561\u2013570.","journal-title":"Younsie Med J"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6343(1997)3:5<347::AID-BSPY3>3.0.CO;2-#"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6343(1997)3:5<371::AID-BSPY4>3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"A spectroscopy study of pigment gallstone in China","volume":"3","author":"Zou X","year":"1997","unstructured":"Zou X, , Wu J, , Soloway RD. A spectroscopy study of pigment gallstone in China. Biospectroscopy, 1997; 3:371\u2013380.","journal-title":"Biospectroscopy"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1634354","article-title":"Time-domain laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy apparatus for clinical diagnostics","volume":"75","author":"Fang Q","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fang Q, , Papaioannou T, , Jo J, , Vaitha R, , Shastry K, , Marcu L. Time-domain laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy apparatus for clinical diagnostics. Rev Sci Instrum, 2004; 75:151\u2013175.","journal-title":"Rev Sci Instrum"}],"container-title":["Photomedicine and Laser Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/pho.2017.4271","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/pho.2017.4271","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/pho.2017.4271","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T23:42:35Z","timestamp":1777678955000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1089\/pho.2017.4271"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/pho.2017.4271"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/pho.2017.4271","relation":{},"ISSN":["1549-5418","1557-8550"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1549-5418","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-8550","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]}}}