{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T16:37:34Z","timestamp":1787589454059,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]],"date-time":"2018-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538352000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Photomedicine and Laser Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigated light emitting diode (LED) treatment for patients with melasma on darker skin types.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Melasma is a common disfiguring skin condition in women which is difficult to treat and is refractory. The cause of melasma remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, 60 female participants aged between 25 and 60 years, who presented with melasma, were enrolled (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200939.85). They were purposely assigned to two groups according to their skin types. Both groups received a total of 36 LED light treatments over a period of 9 months.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both subjective and objective results indicated a significant improvement of melasma. Statistical analyses revealed significant improvements in both groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results of this study suggest that LED is effective in managing melasma. These results will provide a basis for future therapeutic use of phototherapy to improve melasma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2018.4486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,18]],"date-time":"2018-09-18T17:08:11Z","timestamp":1537290491000},"page":"522-529","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Management of Melasma on Skin Types V and VI Using Light Emitting Diode Treatment"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Nomakhosi","family":"Mpofana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cape Peninsula University of Technology","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi","family":"Abrahamse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Johannesburg","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.13059","article-title":"Risk factors for facial melasma in women: a case\u2013control study","volume":"171","author":"Handel AC","year":"2014","unstructured":"Handel AC, , Lima PB, , Tonolli VM, , Miot LD, , Miot HA. 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