{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T17:19:14Z","timestamp":1791566354645,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]],"date-time":"2018-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543622400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Photomedicine and Laser Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our objective was to test the antidepressant effect of transcranial photobiomodulation (t-PBM) with near-infrared (NIR) light in subjects suffering from major depressive disorder (MDD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>t-PBM with NIR light is a new treatment for MDD. NIR light is absorbed by mitochondria; it boosts cerebral metabolism, promotes neuroplasticity, and modulates endogenous opioids, while decreasing inflammation and oxidative stress.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We conducted a double-blind, sham-controlled study on the safety and efficacy [change in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D\n                      <jats:sub>17<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) total score at end-point] of adjunct t-PBM NIR [823\u2009nm; continuous wave (CW); 28.7\u2009\u00d7\u20092\u2009cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ; 36.2\u2009mW\/cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ; up to 65.2\u2009J\/cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ; 20\u201330\u2009min\/session], delivered to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, bilaterally and simultaneously, twice a week, for 8 weeks, in subjects with MDD. Baseline observation carried forward (BOCF), last observation carried forward (LOCF), and completers analyses were performed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The effect size for the antidepressant effect of t-PBM, based on change in HAM-D\n                      <jats:sub>17<\/jats:sub>\n                      total score at end-point, was 0.90, 0.75, and 1.5 (Cohen's\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">d<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), respectively for BOCF (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200921), LOCF (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200919), and completers (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200913). Further, t-PBM was fairly well tolerated, with no serious adverse events.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>t-PBM with NIR light demonstrated antidepressant properties with a medium to large effect size in patients with MDD. Replication is warranted, especially in consideration of the small sample size.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2018.4490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,22]],"date-time":"2018-10-22T15:44:00Z","timestamp":1540223040000},"page":"634-646","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":127,"title":["Transcranial Photobiomodulation for the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder. 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