{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T05:59:04Z","timestamp":1791871144297,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569888000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Transcranial photobiomodulation (t-PBM) is a noninvasive modality that may improve cognitive function in both healthy and diseased subjects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review and meta-analysis addresses the question of whether t-PBM improves cognitive function in healthy adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched MEDLINE using PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library up to March 2019. We also searched ProQuest and Google Scholar databases for unpublished material. The search was limited to articles on the procognitive effects of t-PBM in healthy adults. The initial search resulted in 871 studies, of which nine publications met our criteria for inclusion and exclusion. Seven studies were performed on young, healthy subjects (17\u201335 years), and two studies were conducted on older (\u226549 years), normal subjects. A meta-analysis was performed on six full-text publications whose subjects were young adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      t-PBM administration improved cognition-related outcomes by an 0.833 standardized mean difference (SMD; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.458\u20131.209, 14 comparisons) in young, healthy participants. Funnel plotting revealed asymmetry, which was validated using Egger's (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.030) and Begg's regression (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.006) tests. However after reanalysis, this asymmetry disappeared in the attention subgroup, but not in the memory subgroup. The trim-and-fill analysis indicated two studies were lacking required data. Thus, the effect size was adjusted from an SMD of 0.761 (95% CI: 0.573\u20130.949) to 0.949 (0.779\u20131.120). The overall quality score of the studies was modest.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We demonstrated a significant, beneficial effect of t-PBM on cognitive performance of young, healthy individuals; however, the heterogeneity of the data was high. This could be due to the modest quality or to the low number of included studies, or to the differences between the various subdomains assessed. These shortcomings should be meticulously addressed before concluding that t-PBM is a cognitive-enhancing intervention in healthy individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/photob.2019.4673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,24]],"date-time":"2019-09-24T10:27:08Z","timestamp":1569320828000},"page":"635-643","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Transcranial Photobiomodulation Improves Cognitive Performance in Young Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Farzad","family":"Salehpour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran."},{"name":"Niraxx Light Therapeutics, Inc., Irvine, California."},{"name":"ProNeuroLIGHT LLC, Phoenix, Arizona."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Majdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahdiyeh","family":"Pazhuhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faranak","family":"Ghasemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahsa","family":"Khademi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fariba","family":"Pashazadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran."},{"name":"Iranian EBM Center: A Joanna Briggs Institute Affiliated Group, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Hamblin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts."},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts."},{"name":"Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Cassano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts."},{"name":"Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts."},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Center for Anxiety and Traumatic Stress Disorders, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2006.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040588"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-012-0280-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamblin MR Ferraresi C Huang Y-Y Freitas LF Carroll JD. 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