{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T01:36:02Z","timestamp":1789436162155,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569888000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our aim was to test the anxiolytic effect of transcranial photobiomodulation (t-PBM) with near-infrared light (NIR) in subjects suffering from generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>t-PBM with NIR is an experimental, noninvasive treatment for mood and anxiety disorders. Preliminary evidence indicates a potential anxiolytic effect of transcranial NIR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fifteen subjects suffering from GAD were recruited in an open-label 8-week study. Each participant self-administered t-PBM daily, for 20\u2009min (continuous wave; 830\u2009nm peak wavelength; average irradiance 30\u2009mW\/cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ; average fluence 36\u2009J\/cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ; total energy delivered per session 2.9\u2009kJ: total output power 2.4 W) broadly on the forehead (total area 80\u2009cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) with an LED-cluster headband (Cerebral Sciences). Outcome measures were the reduction in total scores of the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (SIGH-A), the Clinical Global Impressions-Severity (CGI-S) subscale and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) subscales from baseline to last observation carried forward.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the 15 recruited subjects (mean age 30\u2009\u00b1\u200914 years; 67% women), 12 (80%) completed the open trial. Results show a significant reduction in the total scores of SIGH-A (from 17.27\u2009\u00b1\u20094.89 to 8.47\u2009\u00b1\u20094.87;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001; Cohen's\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">d<\/jats:italic>\n                      effect size\u2009=\u20091.47), in the CGI-S subscale (from 4.53\u2009\u00b1\u20090.52 to 2.87\u2009\u00b1\u20090.83;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001; Cohen's\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">d<\/jats:italic>\n                      effect size\u2009=\u20092.04), as well as significant improvements in sleep at the PSQI. t-PBM was well tolerated with no serious adverse events.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on our pilot study, t-PBM with NIR is a promising alternative treatment for GAD. Larger, randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled studies are needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/photob.2019.4677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,24]],"date-time":"2019-10-24T15:37:06Z","timestamp":1571931426000},"page":"644-650","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Transcranial Photobiomodulation with Near-Infrared Light for Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Marco","family":"Maiello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts."},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts."},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia M.","family":"Losiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts."},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Bui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts."},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenza","family":"Spera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts."},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts."},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Hamblin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luana","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts."},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Cassano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts."},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"37","article-title":"Psychotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"62","author":"Borkovec TD","year":"2001","unstructured":"Borkovec TD, , Ruscio AM. 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