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The two commonly used treatment modalities for TMD are occlusal splint therapy and relaxation therapy. Neither comprises definitive treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective of this review was to report updated information on photobiomodulation and stem cells, as an alternative treatment for the degenerative TMJ disc as a part of TMJ disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>With only a few research studies reported till date, this review also proposes the mechanism of laser irradiation on inflammatory mediators to treat TMD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Photobiomodulation of stem cells with and without scaffolds could be used indirectly or directly as modulation of degenerative changes of the TMJ disc.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The need for a distinct shift of the research margin in this field of dentistry is evident, specifically regarding the application of photobiomodulation and stem cells for tissue engineering of the TMJ disc.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/photob.2019.4790","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,2]],"date-time":"2020-06-02T22:29:27Z","timestamp":1591136967000},"page":"398-408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Photobiomodulation and Stem Cell Therapy for Temporomandibular Joint Disc Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Vesna","family":"Karic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa."},{"name":"Department of Prosthodontic and Oral Rehabilitation, and Laser Therapy in Dentistry Division, School of Oral Sciences, Health Sciences Faculty, WITS University, Johannesburg, South Africa."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rahul","family":"Chandran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heidi","family":"Abrahamse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/204946371100500104"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kjms.2018.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2015.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","unstructured":"Okeson JP. 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