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Observational data in humans have so far supported preclinical findings, with multiple reports of increased rates of infections in various settings of opioid use. However, the extent to which this risk is due to the impact of opioids on the immune system compared with other risk factors associated with opioid use remains uncertain. Considering the data showing immunosuppression and increased risk of infection with opioid use, measures are needed to mitigate this risk in patients who require ongoing treatment with opioids. In preclinical studies, administration of opioid receptor antagonists blocked the immunomodulatory effects of opioids.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As selective antagonists of peripheral opioid receptors, peripherally acting mu-opioid receptor (MOR) antagonists may be able to protect against immune impairment while still allowing for opioid analgesia. Future research is warranted to further investigate the relationship between opioids and infection risk as well as the potential application of peripherally acting MOR antagonists to counteract these risks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/pmr.2023.0049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]],"date-time":"2024-02-28T14:17:41Z","timestamp":1709129861000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Opioids and Immunosuppression: Clinical Evidence, Mechanisms of Action, and Potential Therapies"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey J.","family":"Bettinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pain Management, Saratoga Hospital Medical Group, Saratoga Springs, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce C.","family":"Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JM Still Burn Center, Doctors Hospital of Augusta, Augusta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2019.0038"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.68.5206"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1351138"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9030333","article-title":"Perioperative pain management and opioid stewardship: A practical guide","volume":"9","author":"Hyland SJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hyland SJ, , Brockhaus KK, , Vincent WR, et al. 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