{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T22:15:59Z","timestamp":1777932959380,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]],"date-time":"2018-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543622400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Rejuvenation Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Macular degeneration is hallmarked by retinal accumulation of toxic retinoid species (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">e.g<\/jats:italic>\n                    ., A2E) for which there is no endogenous mechanism to eliminate it. This ultimately results in progressive dysfunction and loss of vision either in advanced age for genetically normal patients (age-related macular degeneration) or in adolescence for those with inherited genetic mutations (Stargardt's disease). In this article, we present a proof-of-concept study for an enzyme-based therapy to remove these retinoids, modeled on traditional enzyme replacement therapy. Recombinant manganese peroxidase (rMnP) is produced in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pichia pastoris<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    , we demonstrate that rMnP breaks down A2E and other lipofuscin fluorophores with limited cellular toxicity, and as this enzyme is mannosylated, it can be taken up into cells through mannose receptor-dependent endocytosis.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    , we demonstrate that rMnP can significantly reduce the A2E burden when administered by intravitreal injections. Together, these data provide encouraging results toward the development of an enzyme-based therapy for macular degeneration and indicate the need for additional work to characterize the molecular mechanism of A2E breakdown and to improve the pharmacological parameters of the enzyme.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2018.2146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,5]],"date-time":"2018-12-05T08:45:49Z","timestamp":1543999549000},"page":"560-571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Recombinant Manganese Peroxidase Reduces A2E Burden in Age-Related and Stargardt's Macular Degeneration Models"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Kelsey J.","family":"Moody","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ichor Therapeutics, Inc., Lafayette, New York."},{"name":"Lysoclear, Inc., Lafayette, New 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