{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T22:16:13Z","timestamp":1777932973076,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Rejuvenation Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Exercise for presbyopia is theoretically ineffective. However, some studies have reported favorable subject responses, although the reasons were not detected. We investigated one such presbyopic exercise. Twenty-three volunteers (48.5\u2009\u00b1\u20095.0 years) viewed near (30\u201340\u2009cm) and far (&gt;5\u2009m) points back and forth 20 times in one set and repeated this four times daily. After 2 months, the accommodation or near visual acuity did not improve. The pupillary size under accommodative stimulation decreased significantly (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.04) from 4.03\u2009\u00b1\u20090.84 to 3.75\u2009\u00b1\u20090.98\u2009mm, and the convergence amounts increased significantly (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.03) from 0.71\u2009\u00b1\u20090.25 to 0.98\u2009\u00b1\u20090.46\u2009mm. The overall satisfaction with the near vision improved significantly (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.02). The changes in the pupillary sizes and convergence amounts did not differ between subjects with improved satisfaction (positive group) and those without improvement (negative group) (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.50 and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.94, respectively). The pupillary size after exercise was significantly (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.04) smaller in the positive group (3.19\u2009\u00b1\u20090.82) than in the negative group (4.08\u2009\u00b1\u20090.94). In conclusion, the exercise for presbyopia was fundamentally ineffective to improve accommodation, however, it strengthened miosis while viewing near and might improve satisfaction for near vision. (Clinical Trial Registration number: UMIN000023561)\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2021.0011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,27]],"date-time":"2021-11-27T06:48:00Z","timestamp":1637995680000},"page":"417-423","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Multifaceted Assessment of the Effects of an Eye Exercise for Presbyopia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Yukari","family":"Tsuneyoshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan."},{"name":"National Hospital Organization Saitama National Hospital, Saitama, Japan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2892-9810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuno","family":"Negishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazuo","family":"Tsubota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan."},{"name":"Tsubota Laboratory, Inc., Tokyo, Japan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(98)00283-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10619"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-16825"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","first-page":"1162","article-title":"Age-related changes in human ciliary muscle and lens: A magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"40","author":"Strenk SA","year":"1999","unstructured":"Strenk SA, , Semmlow JL, , Strenk LM, et al. Age-related changes in human ciliary muscle and lens: A magnetic resonance imaging study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 1999; 40:1162\u20131169.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3182640c6a"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-197704000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","first-page":"1401","article-title":"Accommodation training for presbyopia","volume":"50","author":"Fukuyo T","year":"1996","unstructured":"Fukuyo T, , Yoshida E, , Kishi E, et al. Accommodation training for presbyopia. Report 3. Improvement of presbyopia. Rinsho Ganka, 1996; 50:1401\u20131404.","journal-title":"Report 3. Improvement of presbyopia. 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