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A major obstacle in pursuing the clinical application of this therapy is finding the optimal cell type that will allow benefit to a large patient population with minimal complications. A cell type that is a complete match of the transplant recipient appears as an optimal scenario. Here, we report that menstrual blood may be an important source of autologous stem cells. Immunocytochemical assays of cultured menstrual blood reveal that they express embryonic-like stem cell phenotypic markers (Oct4, SSEA, Nanog), and when grown in appropriate conditioned media, express neuronal phenotypic markers (Nestin, MAP2). In order to test the therapeutic potential of these cells, we used the in vitro stroke model of oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) and found that OGD-exposed primary rat neurons that were co-cultured with menstrual blood-derived stem cells or exposed to the media collected from cultured menstrual blood exhibited significantly reduced cell death. Trophic factors, such as VEGF, BDNF, and NT-3, were up-regulated in the media of OGD-exposed cultured menstrual blood-derived stem cells. Transplantation of menstrual blood-derived stem cells, either intracerebrally or intravenously and without immunosuppression, after experimentally induced ischemic stroke in adult rats also significantly reduced behavioral and histological impairments compared to vehicle-infused rats. Menstrual blood-derived cells exemplify a source of \u201cindividually tailored\u201d donor cells that completely match the transplant recipient, at least in women. The present neurostructural and behavioral benefits afforded by transplanted menstrual blood-derived cells support their use as a stem cell source for cell therapy in stroke.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2009.0340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,27]],"date-time":"2009-10-27T11:46:28Z","timestamp":1256643988000},"page":"439-452","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":176,"title":["Menstrual Blood Cells Display Stem Cell\u2013Like Phenotypic Markers and Exert Neuroprotection Following Transplantation in Experimental Stroke"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Cesar V.","family":"Borlongan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuji","family":"Kaneko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department 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