{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T03:38:52Z","timestamp":1785901132956,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,7]],"date-time":"2012-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1346976000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Stem Cells and Development"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    We sought to determine whether neural stem cells (NSCs) can be isolated from the amniotic fluid in the setting of neural tube defects (NTDs), as a prerequisite for eventual autologous perinatal therapies. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley dams (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =62) were divided into experimental (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =42) and control (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =20) groups, depending on prenatal exposure to retinoic acid for the induction of fetal NTDs. Animals were killed before term for analysis (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =685 fetuses). Amniotic fluid samples from both groups underwent epigenetic selection for NSCs, followed by exposure to neural differentiation media. Representative cell samples underwent multiple morphological and phenotypical analyses at different time points. No control fetus (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =267) had any structural abnormality, whereas at least one type of NTD developed in 52% (217\/418) of the experimental fetuses (namely, isolated spina bifida,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =144; isolated exencephaly,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =24; or a combination of the two,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =49). Only amniotic samples from fetuses with a NTD yielded cells with typical neural progenitor morphology and robust expression of both Nestin and Sox-2, primary markers of NSCs. These cells responded to differentiation media by displaying typical morphological changes, along with expression of beta-tubulin III, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and\/or O4, markers for immature neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, respectively. This was concurrent with downregulation of Nestin and Sox-2. We conclude that the amniotic fluid can harbor disease-specific stem cells, for example, NSCs in the setting of experimental NTDs. The amniotic fluid may be a practical source of autologous NSCs applicable to novel forms of therapies for spina bifida.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2012.0215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,7]],"date-time":"2012-09-07T23:31:56Z","timestamp":1347060716000},"page":"548-553","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["The Amniotic Fluid As a Source of Neural Stem Cells in the Setting of Experimental Neural Tube Defects"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Christopher G.","family":"Turner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin D.","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junmei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School"},{"name":"Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devang","family":"Thakor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School"},{"name":"Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darcy","family":"Benedict","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School"},{"name":"Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azra","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang D.","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School"},{"name":"Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System"},{"name":"Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Harvard Medical School"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dario O.","family":"Fauza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Neural tube defects: issues in prenatal diagnosis and counselling","volume":"67","author":"Main DM","year":"1986","unstructured":"Main DM, , Mennuti MT. 1986. 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