{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T06:27:20Z","timestamp":1791268040068,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,5]],"date-time":"2013-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1383609600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Stem Cells and Development"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Overactive bladder (OAB), which is characterized by the sudden and uncomfortable need to urinate with or without urinary leakage, is a challenging urological condition. The insufficient efficacy of current pharmacotherapies that uses antimuscarinic agents has increased the demand for novel long-term\/stable therapeutic strategies. Here, we report the superior therapeutic efficacy of using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for the treatment of OAB and a novel therapeutic mechanism that activates endogenous Oct4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    primitive stem cells. We induced OAB using bladder-outlet-obstruction (BOO) in a rat model and either administered a single transplantation of human adipose-derived MSCs or daily intravenous injections of solifenacin, an antimuscarinic agent, for 2 weeks. Within 2 weeks, both the MSC- and solifenacin-treated groups similarly demonstrated relief from BOO-induced detrusor overactivity, hypertrophic smooth muscle, and neurological injuries. In contrast with the solifenacin-treated groups, a single transplantation of MSCs improved most OAB parameters to normal levels within 4 weeks. Although the transplanted human MSCs were hardly engrafted into the damaged bladders, the bladder tissues transplanted with MSCs increased rat sequence-specific transcription of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Oct4<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Sox2<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Stella<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which are surrogate markers for primitive pluripotent stem cells. In addition, MSCs enhanced the expression of several genes, responsible for stem cell trafficking, including\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">SDF-1\/CXCR4<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">HGF\/cMet<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">PDGF\/PDGFR<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">VEGF\/VEGFR<\/jats:italic>\n                    signaling axis. These changes in gene expression were not observed in the solifenacin-treated group. Therefore, we suggest the novel mechanisms for the paracrine effect of MSCs as unleashing\/mobilizing primitive endogenous stem cells, which could not only explain the long-term\/stable therapeutic efficacy of MSCs, but also provide promising new therapies for the treatment of OAB.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2013.0277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,5]],"date-time":"2013-11-05T21:52:12Z","timestamp":1383688332000},"page":"654-663","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["The Paracrine Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Stimulate the Regeneration Capacity of Endogenous Stem Cells in the Repair of a Bladder-Outlet-Obstruction-Induced Overactive Bladder"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Miho","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ulsan College of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinbeom","family":"Heo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ulsan College of Medicine"},{"name":"University of Ulsan College of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Youn","family":"Chun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ulsan College of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hee Sook","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ulsan College of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong Wook","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ulsan College of Medicine"},{"name":"University of Ulsan College of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyunsook","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ulsan College of Medicine"},{"name":"University of Ulsan College of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong Mee","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ulsan College of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seong Who","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ulsan College of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Myung","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ulsan College of Medicine"},{"name":"University of Ulsan College of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myung-Soo","family":"Choo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ulsan College of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-009-0446-5"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"S7","article-title":"Pathophysiology of overactive bladder and urge urinary incontinence","volume":"4","author":"Steers WD","year":"2002","unstructured":"Steers WD. (2002). Pathophysiology of overactive bladder and urge urinary incontinence. Rev Urol, 4 Suppl 4:S7\u2013S18.","journal-title":"Rev Urol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2005.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2010.11.040"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(02)01544-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2006.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000138045.61378.96"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","first-page":"R1960","article-title":"Dysregulated proteolytic balance as the basis of excess extracellular matrix in fibrotic disease","volume":"272","author":"Peters CA","year":"1997","unstructured":"Peters CA, , Freeman MR, , Fernandez CA, , Shepard J, , Wiederschain DG, and Moses MA. (1997). 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