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We have accomplished this through the development of rationally designed hydrogel implants that recruit endogenous cells from the adult subventricular zone to create new relatively long tracts of neuroblasts. These implants are biocompatible and biodegradable cylindrical hydrogels consisting of fibrin and immobilized neurotrophic factors. When implanted into rat brain such that the cylinder intersected the migratory path of endogenous neural progenitors (the rostral migratory stream) and led into the nonneurogenic striatum, we observed a robust neurogenic response in the form of migrating neuroblasts with long (&gt;100\u2009\u03bcm) complex neurites. The location of these new neural cells in the striatum was directly coincident with the original track of the fibrin implant, which itself had completely degraded, and covered a significant area and distance (&gt;2.5\u2009mm). We also observed a significant number of neuroblasts in the striatal region between the implant track and the lateral ventricle. When these fibrin cylinders were implanted into hemiparkinson rats, correction of parkinsonian behavior was observed. There were no obvious behavioral, inflammatory or tumorigenic sequelae as a consequence of the implants. In conclusion, we have successfully engineered neural tissue in vivo, using neurogenic biomaterials cast into a unique cylindrical architecture. These results represent a novel approach to efficiently induce neurogenesis in a controlled and targeted manner, which may lead toward a new therapeutic modality for neurological disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2016.0069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,14]],"date-time":"2016-06-14T01:23:17Z","timestamp":1465867397000},"page":"1109-1118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["In Vivo Neural Tissue Engineering: Cylindrical Biocompatible Hydrogels That Create New Neural Tracts in the Adult Mammalian Brain"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Amanda R.","family":"Clark","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marshall University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arrin B.","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marshall 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