{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T05:37:53Z","timestamp":1790314673976,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]],"date-time":"2018-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543622400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Surgical Infections"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Infections caused by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      continue to plague surgical patients, whether as surgical site infections or other nosocomial infections that complicate surgical care. The only meaningful methods available to decrease the risk of developing such infections are topical skin antisepsis (pre-operative skin preparation) and peri-operative antibiotic prophylaxis, neither of which offer a panacea. Alternatives to the latter are sought so as to minimize antibiotic selection pressure as a factor in the increasing problem of antimicrobial drug resistance. This review considers the possibility that immunization against\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      may offer a viable alternative for prophylaxis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Review and synthesis of pertinent English-language medical literature.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Vaccination against viral pathogens has been in successful clinical use for more than two centuries and was instrumental in the eradication of smallpox and the near-elimination of diseases such as poliomyelitis. Vaccinations against a limited number of bacterial pathogens (e.g.,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bordetella pertussis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Clostridium tetanii<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Corynebacterium diphtheriae<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                      type b,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Neisseria meningiditis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) have also been introduced with success, whereas others against bacteria are in development (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). Vaccination against\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection is in current veterinary use (e.g., to prevent mastitis among dairy cattle) but has not been successful to date in human beings despite multiple attempts, although development continues.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Because of its complex microbiology, including multiple virulence factors and the ability to evade host immune surveillance,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      presents numerous antigenic targets for vaccine development. Failure of two prior single-antigen vaccines in clinical trials has led to the consensus that future vaccine candidates must be directed against multiple antigens. Two distinct four-antigen vaccines are in clinical trials, but efficacy is yet to be determined.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2018.263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,10]],"date-time":"2018-12-10T08:20:03Z","timestamp":1544430003000},"page":"750-756","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Immunization Against\n                    <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>\n                    Infections"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Philip S.","family":"Barie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill Cornell Medicine"},{"name":"Weill Cornell Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayur","family":"Narayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill Cornell Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert G.","family":"Sawyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Michigan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2015.09.011"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"S56","article-title":"Hepatitis B and hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"49","author":"Adrian M","year":"2009","unstructured":"Adrian M, , Di Bisceglie MD. 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