{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T23:49:32Z","timestamp":1789602572787,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,21]],"date-time":"2020-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590019200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Surgical Infections"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Worldwide, acute cholecystitis is a common disease. The current standard of treatment is according to the Tokyo Guidelines established in 2018. Conservative management with various combinations of analgesics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and percutaneous drainage are sometimes used to avoid or delay surgery, especially in frail patients, but little is known about the efficacy and safety of these strategies. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of antibiotic agents, with or without gallbladder drainage, or symptomatic treatment alone in patients with acute cholecystitis who were considered unfit for acute surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patients and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All patients whose initial treatment for cholecystitis was conservative who were admitted between 2014 and 2016 were included in this study. Patients were divided into three groups: those treated with antibiotic agents, those who received antibiotic agents in combination with percutaneous gallbladder drainage and those whose treatment was only symptomatic. Demographic characteristics, comorbidities, Tokyo Severity Classification, length of stay, re-admission rates, secondary treatment (delayed drainage or surgery), and complication rates were retrieved from their medical records.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Initially 33 were treated with conservative methods in this period. Fifteen patients were treated initially with antibiotic agents, 12 patients with antibiotic agents in combination with percutaneous drainage, and 6 patients received symptomatic treatment only. One patient had mild cholecystitis (Tokyo Severity Classification grade I) and the other 32 patients had moderate to severe (grade II or III) cholecystitis. Eventually, 25 patients (76%) underwent cholecystectomy, 2 of whom (8%) were emergency operations because of disease progression. Twelve patients (36%) were re-admitted, of whom the majority (83%) was re-admitted before cholecystectomy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Treatment of cholecystitis with antibiotic agents, drainage, or analgesic agents is feasible. However, it should be regarded as a bridge to surgery rather than a definitive solution because of frequent recurrence. Occasionally, an emergency operation could not be avoided as a result of disease progression under conservative treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2019.261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,27]],"date-time":"2019-12-27T10:35:55Z","timestamp":1577442955000},"page":"428-432","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Retrospective Analysis of Non-Surgical Treatment of Acute Cholecystitis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Emmy R.I.","family":"Janssen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Hendriks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tinatin","family":"Natroshvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas J.A.","family":"Bremers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2006.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gastro\/gow015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k3965"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2006.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbp.519"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbp.515"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000329464"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2011.598548"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l5709"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","unstructured":"De Boer EBD Van Erpecum KJ Hermans JJ et al. Acute cholecystitis galstenen. Federatie Medisch Specialisten richtlijnendatabase. https:\/\/richtlijnendatabase.nl\/richtlijn\/galsteenlijden\/acute_cholecystitis_gaslstenen.html (last accessed December22 2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","first-page":"670","article-title":"Rubin's Pathology: Clinopathologic Foundations of Medicine. Rubin's Pathology, 5th ed","author":"Rubin R","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rubin R, , Strayer DS. Rubin's Pathology: Clinopathologic Foundations of Medicine. Rubin's Pathology, 5th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Philadelphia, PA,, 2008; 670\u2013671.","journal-title":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Philadelphia, PA,"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12893-015-0002-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","first-page":"1497","article-title":"Cholecystectomy or not after percutaneous cholecystostomy for acute calculous cholecystitis in high-risk patients","volume":"55","author":"Ha JP","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ha JP, , Tsui KK, , Tang CN, et al. Cholecystectomy or not after percutaneous cholecystostomy for acute calculous cholecystitis in high-risk patients. Hepatogastroenterology, 2008; 55:1497\u20131502.","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","first-page":"171","article-title":"[Percutaneous cholecystostomy as treatment for acute cholecystitis at Landspitali University Hospital 2010\u20132016]","volume":"105","author":"Hjaltadottir K","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hjaltadottir K, , Haraldsdottir KH, , Hannesson PH, , Moller PH. [Percutaneous cholecystostomy as treatment for acute cholecystitis at Landspitali University Hospital 2010\u20132016]. Laeknabladid, 2019; 105:171\u2013176.","journal-title":"Laeknabladid"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-018-4021-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2009.06146.x"}],"container-title":["Surgical Infections"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/sur.2019.261","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/sur.2019.261","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/sur.2019.261","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T02:25:26Z","timestamp":1777688726000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/sur.2019.261"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,21]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/sur.2019.261"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/sur.2019.261","relation":{},"ISSN":["1096-2964","1557-8674"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1096-2964","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-8674","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,21]]}}}