{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T09:44:17Z","timestamp":1782380657296,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,25]],"date-time":"2008-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1222300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tissue Engineering Part A"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Numerous reconstructive procedures result in wounds that require skin grafting. Often, the amount of tissue available from donor sites is limited.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    tissue expanders have been used clinically to generate larger sections of skin, and other methods exist to cover large wounds, but all have significant limitations. We investigated whether these difficulties could be overcome by increasing the surface area of skin\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    while maintaining tissue viability. Human foreskin was incrementally expanded in a computer-controlled bioreactor system over 6 days to increase its surface dimensions under culture conditions. Morphological, ultrastructural, and mechanical properties of the foreskin were evaluated before and after expansion using histology, scanning electron microscopy, mercury porosimetry, and tensile testing. The surface area of the tissue was 110.7%\u2009\u00b1\u200912.2% greater, with maintenance of cell viability and proliferative potential. Histomorphological and ultrastructural analyses showed that dermal structural integrity was preserved. The pore diameter of the expanded skin was 64.49%\u2009\u00b1\u200932.8% greater. The mechanical properties were not adversely affected. These findings show that expansion of living skin matrices can be achieved using a computer-controlled bioreactor system. This technique provides an opportunity to generate large amounts of skin for reconstructive procedures.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2008.0195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,26]],"date-time":"2008-09-26T16:10:25Z","timestamp":1222445425000},"page":"861-868","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Bioreactor Maintained Living Skin Matrix"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mitchell R.","family":"Ladd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wake Forest University Health Sciences"},{"name":"Wake Forest University\/Virginia Tech School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang Jin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wake Forest University Health Sciences"},{"name":"Wake Forest University\/Virginia Tech School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Atala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wake Forest University Health Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James J.","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wake Forest University Health Sciences"},{"name":"Wake Forest University\/Virginia Tech School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"286","volume-title":"ACS Surgery: Principles and Practice","author":"Disa J. 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New York: American College of Surgeons and WebMD, 2004; 1113\u20131124."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"319","volume-title":"Schwartz's Principles of Surgery","author":"Shenaq S.M.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Shenaq S.M., , Kim J.Y.S., , Bienstock A., , Yuksel E. Brunicardi F.C., , Anderson D.K., , Billiar T.R., , Dunn D.L., , Hunter J.G., , Mathews J.B., , Pollock R.E., , Schwartz S.I. Plastic and reconstructive surgery: soft tissue reconstruction. Schwartz's Principles of Surgery. Columbus, OH: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007; 319\u2013324."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"55","volume-title":"Schwartz's Principles of Surgery","author":"Holmes J.H.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Holmes J.H., , Heimbach D.M. Brunicardi F.C., , Anderson D.K., , Billiar T.R., , Dunn D.L., , Hunter J.G., , Mathews J.B., , Pollock R.E., , Schwartz S.I. Burns. Schwartz's Principles of Surgery. 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