{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T13:47:37Z","timestamp":1787060857937,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"19-20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569888000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tissue Engineering Part A"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) has been widely used in spine fusion surgery. However, high doses of rhBMP-2 delivered with absorbable collagen sponge (ACS) have led to inflammation-related adverse conditions. Polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) control release carrier can substantially reduce the rhBMP-2 dose and complication without compromising fusion. The molecular events underlying controlled release and their effects on spinal fusion remain unknown. In this study, a rabbit interbody spinal fusion chamber was designed to provide a controlled environment for profiling molecular events during the fusion process. Study groups included Group 1, PEC with 100\u2009\u03bcg rhBMP-2; Group 2, ACS with 100\u2009\u03bcg rhBMP-2; Group 3, ACS with 300\u2009\u03bcg rhBMP-2; Group 4, autologous bone graft; and Group 5, empty chamber. Manual palpation, microcomputed tomography, and histological analysis showed that Group 1 and 3 achieved bone fusion, while the other groups showed no signs of fusion. Gene expression profiling showed robust induction of osteogenic markers in Groups 1 and 3, with modulated early induction of inflammatory genes in the PEC group. Delivery of 100\u2009\u03bcg rhBMP-2 with ACS (Group 2) resulted in less upregulation of osteogenic genes, increased inflammatory genes expression, and upregulation of osteoclastic genes compared to Group 1. These results suggest that the manner of BMP-2 release at the interbody spinal defect site could dictate the balance of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in-situ<\/jats:italic>\n                    osteogenic and antiosteogenic activities, affecting fusion outcomes. The molecular evidence supports PEC for sustained release of BMP-2 for spinal interbody fusion, and the feasibility of employing this novel interbody spinal fusion chamber for future molecular studies.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Impact Statement<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A radiolucent rabbit interbody spinal fusion chamber was developed to study the molecular events during spinal fusion process. The gene expression profile suggests that control release of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) resulted in lower inflammatory and osteoclastic activities, but elicited higher osteogenic activities, while burst release of BMP-2 resulted in predominantly inflammation and osteoclastogenesis with minimum osteogenic activity. This study provides the molecular evidence that underscores the regeneration outcomes from the two different BMP-2 delivery systems. This spinal fusion chamber could be used for future molecular studies to optimize carrier design for spinal fusion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2018.0281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,7]],"date-time":"2019-02-07T02:03:07Z","timestamp":1549504987000},"page":"1356-1368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Bone Regeneration by Controlled Release of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2: A Rabbit Spinal Fusion Chamber Molecular Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Tao","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathanapriya","family":"Naidu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore."},{"name":"NUS Tissue Engineering Program (NUSTEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore."},{"name":"NUS Tissue Engineering Program (NUSTEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wing Moon","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore."},{"name":"NUS Tissue Engineering Program (NUSTEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramruttun Amit","family":"Kumarsing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiafei","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felly","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim Cheng","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore, Singapore."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai Thong","family":"Kwok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore, Singapore."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart B.","family":"Goodman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James Cho-Hong","family":"Goh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore."},{"name":"NUS Tissue Engineering Program (NUSTEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore."},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hee-Kit","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore."},{"name":"NUS Tissue Engineering Program (NUSTEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199212000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200212010-00005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00024720-200210000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/2046-3758.54.2000418"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.03.063"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inat.2014.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000201424.27509.72"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201400411"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09205063.2014.951244"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10295-010-0880-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31828a3504"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2014.101"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2014.06.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2009.0687"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.H.01732"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181952695"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20111566"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.09.050"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2015.12.052"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199703150-00021"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200010150-00018"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200006010-00017"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2007.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-006-0597-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-577X(01)00276-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/his.1988.11.4.249"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2008.10.061"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000935"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.16.00345"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0b013e3182767c67"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001543"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/PDT-100101374"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2012.07.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.4.SPINE0876"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181e85756"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M313531200"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2006.06.397"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","volume-title":"et alSpine (Phila Pa 1976)","author":"Zhuo X.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhuo X., , Li C., , Li B., et al. Effects of combined magnetic fields (CMF) treatment and nano-hydroxyapatite (HA) coating on porous biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) bone graft in rabbit spinal fusion model. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) [Epub ahead of print]; DOI: 10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002463, 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.83B5.0830760"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(78)90638-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.11.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2007.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2001.16.6.1004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.J.00795"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.14.5235"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-125-3-1142"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.183.6.2593"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.7.3513"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI5703"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-016-0998-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780311206"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35046102"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpor.2016.01.002"}],"container-title":["Tissue Engineering Part A"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/ten.tea.2018.0281","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/ten.tea.2018.0281","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/ten.tea.2018.0281","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T04:50:07Z","timestamp":1777697407000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1089\/ten.tea.2018.0281"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19-20","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/ten.tea.2018.0281"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/ten.tea.2018.0281","relation":{},"ISSN":["1937-3341","1937-335X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1937-3341","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-335X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}}}