{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T17:06:11Z","timestamp":1778087171470,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tissue Engineering Part A"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Alveolar ridge absorbs rapidly following tooth extraction. To promote implant rehabilitation, an adequate bone and soft tissue volume are required. Three-dimensional (3D) cell printing technique provides the advantages of precise spatial distribution and personalization. In this study, 3D cell printing was used to establish a soft-hard construct that is composed of alginate\/gelatin (AG)\/gingival fibroblast cells (GFs) and alginate\/gelatin\/nano-hydroxyapatite (AGH)\/bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Physicochemical results showed that nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) added in the bioink maintained its crystalline phase. In addition, an increase of viscosity, the improvement of compressive modulus (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.01), and slow degradation rate (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.01) were found after adding nHA. SEM showed cell stretched and attached well on the surface of the 3D printed construct. At day 7 after printing, the viability of GFs in AG was 94.80%\u2009\u00b1\u20091.14%, while BMSC viability in AGH was 86.59%\u2009\u00b1\u20090.75%. Polymerase chain reaction results indicated that the expression levels of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ALP<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">RUNX-2<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">OCN<\/jats:italic>\n                    in BMSCs were higher in AGH than AG bioink (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). After 8-week implantation into the dorsum of 6- to 8-week-old male athymic and inbred (BALB\/c) nude mice, the cellular printed construct displayed a more integrated structure and better healing of subcutaneous tissue compared with the acellular printed construct. In conclusion, this 3D cell printed soft-hard construct exhibits favorable biocompatibility and has potential for alveolar ridge preservation.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Impact statement<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Alveolar ridge resorption after tooth extraction has posed great difficulty in the subsequent restorative procedure. Clinically, to preserve the dimension of alveolar ridge, covering soft tissue healing and underlying bone formation is necessary after tooth extraction. Three-dimensional (3D) cell printing, which can distribute different biomaterials and cells with spatial control, provides a novel approach to develop a customized plug to put in the fresh socket to minimize bone resorption and improve gingiva growth. In this study, an integrated and heterogeneous soft-hard construct with lock-key structure was successfully developed using 3D cell printing. The physicochemical and biological properties were tested\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo.<\/jats:italic>\n                      This 3D cell printed soft-hard construct will be a customized plug in alveolar ridge preservation in the future.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2021.0022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]],"date-time":"2021-05-07T01:29:51Z","timestamp":1620350991000},"page":"13-26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Three-Dimensional Cell Printed Lock-Key Structure for Oral Soft and Hard Tissue Regeneration"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Shihan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Clinical Division, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China."},{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Clinical Division, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China."},{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China."},{"name":"Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Clinical Division, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China."},{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunping","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Clinical Division, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0522-7306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhihui","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Clinical Division, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hom-Lay","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 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