{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:02:12Z","timestamp":1787508132497,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Various abnormalities of the tongue, including cancers, commonly require surgical removal to sequester growth and metastasis. However, even minor resections can affect functional outcomes such as speech and swallowing, thereby reducing quality of life. Surgical resections alone create volumetric muscle loss whereby muscle tissue cannot self-regenerate within the tongue. In these cases, the tongue is reconstructed typically in the form of autologous skin flaps. However, flap reconstruction has many limitations and unfortunately is the primary option for oral and reconstructive surgeons to treat tongue defects. The alternative, but yet undeveloped, strategy for tongue reconstruction is regenerative medicine, which widely focuses on building new organs with stem cells. Regenerative medicine has successfully treated many tissues, but research has inadequately addressed the tongue as a vital organ in need of tissue engineering. In this review, we address the current standard for tongue reconstruction, the cellular mechanisms of muscle cell development, and the stem cell studies that have attempted muscle engineering within the tongue. Until now, no review has focused on engineering the tongue with regenerative medicine, which could guide innovative strategies for tongue reconstruction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Impact statement<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Unlike other bodily organs, the current literature has inadequately addressed the tongue as a vital organ in need of tissue engineering. Therefore, this review seeks to highlight the clinical challenges of tongue reconstruction, alternative tissue engineering strategies, and to summarize the studies involving muscle regeneration within the tongue. This information will guide maxillofacial surgeons and tissue engineering scientists to pursue innovative strategies that alleviate volumetric muscle loss in the tongue.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2021.0133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,23]],"date-time":"2021-10-23T10:49:44Z","timestamp":1634986184000},"page":"1022-1034","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Muscle Regeneration of the Tongue: A Review of Current Clinical and Regenerative Research Strategies"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5510-3769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amber F.","family":"MacDonald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Gross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brady J.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0610-5351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madhu S.","family":"Dhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","unstructured":"Cancer Facts & Figures. 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