{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T23:57:58Z","timestamp":1777939078319,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Unraveling the complex behavior of healthy and disease podocytes by analyzing the changes in their unique arrangement of foot processes, slit diaphragm, and the three-dimensional (3D) morphology is a long-standing goal in kidney\u2013glomerular research. The complexities surrounding the podocytes' accessibility in animal models and growing evidence of differences between humans and animal systems have compelled researchers to look for alternate approaches to study podocyte behaviors. With the advent of bioengineered models, an increasingly powerful and diverse set of tools is available to develop novel podocyte culture systems. This review discusses the pertinence of various culture models of podocytes to study podocyte mechanisms in both normal physiology and disease conditions. While no one\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    system comprehensively recapitulates podocytes'\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    architecture, we emphasize how the existing systems can be exploited to answer targeted questions on podocyte structure and function. We highlight the distinct advantages and limitations of using these models to study podocyte behaviors and screen therapeutics. Finally, we discuss various considerations and potential engineering strategies for developing next-generation complex 3D culture models for studying podocyte behaviors\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Impact Statement<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In various glomerular kidney diseases, there are numerous alterations in podocyte structure and function. Yet, many of these disease events and the required targeted therapies remain unknown, resulting in nonspecific treatments. The scientific and clinical communities actively search for new modes to develop structurally and functionally relevant podocyte culture systems to gain insights into various diseases and develop therapeutics. Current\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      systems help in some ways but are not sufficient. A deeper understanding of these previous approaches is essential to advance the field, and importantly, bioengineering strategies can contribute a unique toolbox to establish next-generation podocyte systems.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2021.0154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]],"date-time":"2021-09-20T01:44:38Z","timestamp":1632102278000},"page":"938-948","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Bioengineering Strategies to Develop Podocyte Culture Systems"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph L.","family":"Charest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Draper Laboratory, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin R.","family":"Pollak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6807-0257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Balajikarthick","family":"Subramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 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